References
- Nicastri E, Petrosillo N, Martini L, Larosa M, Gesu GP, Ippolito G, the INF NOS Study Group. Prevalence of nosoco-mial infections in 15 Italian hospitals: first point prevalence study for the INF-NOS Project. Infection 2003; 31 (Suppl2):16-22.
- Blandino G, Marchese A, Ardito F, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Italy from patients with hospital-acquired infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 24: 515–518.
- Bonfiglio G, Carciotto V, Russo G, et al. Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an Italian survey. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 41: 307–10.
- Bonfiglio G, Marchetti F. In vitro activity of ceftazidime, cefepime and imipenem on 1005 Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates either susceptible or resistant to beta-lactams. Chemotherapy 2002; 46: 229–234.
- Gesu GP, Marchetti F, Piccoli L, Cavallero A. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in vitro activity on 4003 bacte-rial clinical isolates collected in 24 Italian laboratories. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 816–819.
- Segatore B, Setacci D, PeriIli M, et al. Italian survey on the comparative levofloxacin susceptibility in 334 clinical iso-lates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 428–431.
- Eliopoulus GM, Eliopoulus CT. Antibiotic combinations: should they be tested? Clin Microbiol Rev 1988; 1: 139–156.
- Neu HC. Synergy and antagonism of combinations with quinolones. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10: 255–261.
- Gilbert DN, Moellering R, Sande C, eds. The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Thirty-second edition. Antimicrobial Therapy Inc. VT, USA. 2002.
- The Medical Letter, Inc. The choice of antibacterial drugs. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 1999; 41: 98–104.
- Bryan LE, Kwan S. Roles of ribosomal binding, mem-brane potential and electron transport in bacterial uptake of streptomycin and gentamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 23: 835–845.
- Langtry HD, Lamb HM. Levofloxacin: its use in infec-tions of the respiratory tract, skin, soft tissues and urinary tract. Drugs 1998; 56: 487–515.
- Marchetti F, Viale P. Current and future perspectives of levofloxacin in the treatment of severe Pseudomonas aerugi-nosa infections. J Chemother 2003; 15: 315–322.
- Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 388–416.
- Burgess DS, Nathisuwan S. Cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and lev-ofloxacin alone and in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diagn Microb Infect Dis 2002; 44: 35–41.
- Fish DN, Choi MK, Jung R. Synergic activity of cephalosporins plus fluoroquinolones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with resistance to one or both drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 1045–1049.
- Flynn CM, Johnson DM, Jones RN. In vitro efficacy of levofloxacin alone or in combination tested against multi-resis-tant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. J Chemother 1996; 8: 411–415.
- Isemberg H, Alperstein P, France K. In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and trovafloxacin alone and in com-bination with beta-lactams against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkolderia cepacia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 33: 81–86.
- Pendland SL, Messick CR, Jung R. In vitro synergy testing of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in combi-nation with aztreonam, ceftazidime, or piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 42: 75–8.
- VisaIli M, Jacobs M, Appelbaum P. Determination of activities of levofloxacin, alone and combined with gentamicin, ceftazidime, cefpirome and meropenem against 124 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by checkerboard and time-kill methodology. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 953–955.
- Drago L, De Vecchi E, Nicola L, Colombo A, Guerra A, Gismondo MR. Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in combination with cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin against different Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenotypes and Acinetobacter spp. Chemotherapy 2004; 50: 202–210.
- Craig W. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic proper-ties of antimicrobial combinations for Gram-negative bacteria. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21 (Suppl.11): 337S.
- Piccoli L, Broggio R, Marchetti F, Di Modugno E. Susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens collected in Italy in 1998-1999 to levofloxacin (LVX) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). 3rd ESCMID International Symposium Nosocomial Infections Today Venice November 5-8, 2000, abstr. 26.
- Speijer H, Savelkoul PHM, Bonten MJ, Stabberingh EE, Tjhie JHT. Application of Different Genotyping Methods for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a setting of endemicity in an intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol1999; 37: 3654–3661.
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacte-ria that grow aerobically. 4th ed. Approved standard. M7-A4. Villanova, Pa. NCCLS, 1997
- Eliopoulos GM, Moellering RC Jr. Antimicrobial combi-nations. In V. Lorian (ed.), Antibiotic in laboratory medicine. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md. Fourth Edition. 1996; 330-396.
- O'Reilly T, Cleeland R, Squires EL. Evaluation of antimicrobials in experimental animal infections. In V. Lorian (ed.), Antibiotic in laboratory medicine. Fourth Edition. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md. 1996; 604-765.
- Fantin B, Carbon C. In vivo Antibiotic Synergism: Contribution of Animal Models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 907–912.
- File TM. Current challenges in the treatment of com-munity-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:S1–S4.
- Cappelletty DM, Rybak MJ Comparison of methodolo-gies for synergism testing of drug combinations against resis-tant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 677–683.
- West M, Boulanger BR, Fogarty C, et al. Levofloxacin compared with imipenem/cilastatin followed by ciprofloxacin in adult patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label study. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 485–506.