112
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Papers

Environmental Monitoring at Nydam, a Waterlogged Site with Weapon Sacrifices from the Danish Iron Age. I: A Comparison of Methods Used and Results from Undisturbed Conditions

Pages 55-74 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

References

  • Alstrom, T. 2002. The use of micro sensors for measurements of environmental parameters in wetland areas, pp. 225-9 in Hoffmann, P., Spriggs, J. A., Grant, T., Cook, C. and Recht, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 8th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Stockholm, 11-15 June 2001 Bremerhaven: ICOM.
  • Austin, W. E. and Huddleston, J. H. 1999. Viability of Permanently Installed Platinum Redox Electrodes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 1757–62.
  • Björdal, C. and Nilsson, T. 2002. Decomposition of waterlogged archaeological wood, pp. 235–44 in Hoffmann, P., Spriggs, J. A., Grant, T., Cook, C. and Recht, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Stockholm, 11-15 June 2001 Bremerhaven: ICOM.
  • Borggaard, O. K. 2000. Soil chemistry in a pedological context. Copenhagen: DSR.
  • British Standard Insitution 1990. Determination in situ of the redox potential of soil, pp. 36–8 in BS 1377. British Standard Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. Part 9. In situ tests.
  • Brunning, R., Hogan, D., Jones, J., Jones, M., Maltby, E., Robinson, M. and Straker, V. 2000. Saving the Sweet Track. The in situ preservation of a neolithic wooden trackway, Somerset, UK. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 4, 3–20.
  • Brydson, J. A. 1995. Plastics materials. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Cai, W. J. and Reimers, C. E. 2001. Sensors for in situ pH and pCO2 measurements in seawater and at the sediment-water interface, pp. 75–119 in Buffle, J. and Horvai, G. (eds.), In situ monitoring of aquatic systems: Chemical analysis and speciation Chichester: Wiley
  • Caple, C. and Dungworth, D. 1998, Waterlogged anoxic archaeological burial environments, English Heritage, report 22/98.
  • Chapman, H. P. and Cheetham, J. L. 2002. Monitoring and Modelling Saturation as a Proxy Indicator for in situ Preservation in Wetlands - a GIS-based Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 277–89.
  • Christensen, C. 1995, Nydam Mose: Bassinets geologiske udvikling i relation til offerfundene, National Museum of Denmark, NNU report 11 (in Danish).
  • Corfield, M. 1996. Preventive conservation for archaeological sites, pp. 32–7 in Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds.), Archaeological Conservation and its Consequences. Preprints of the Contributions to the Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London: IIC.
  • Engelhardt, C. 1865. Nydam Mosefund 1859-1863. Kobenhavn: GEC Gad (in Danish).
  • Eshel, G. and Banin, A. 2002. Feasibility study of long-term continuous field measurement of soil redox potential. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 33, 695–709.
  • Fischer, A. 1999. Stone Age Amose. Stored in museums and preserved in the living bog, pp. 85–92 in Coles, B., Coles, J. and Jorgensen, M. S. (eds.), Bog Bodies, Sacred Sites and Wetland archaeology. Proceedings of a conference held by WARP and the National Museum of Denmark, in conjunction with Silkeborg Museum, September 1996. University of Exeter: WARP.
  • Galster, H. 2000. Technique of measurement, electrode processes and electrode treatment, pp. 13–;23 in Schtiring, J., Schulz, H. D., Fischer, W. R., Böttcher, J. and Duijnisveld, W. H. M. (eds.), Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications Berlin: Springer
  • Glud, R. N., Gundersen, J. K. and Ramsing, N. B. 2001. Electrochemical and optical oxygen microsensors for in situ measurements, pp. 19-73 in Buffle, J. and Horvai, G. (eds.), In situ monitoring of aquatic systems: Chemical analysis and speciation Chichester: Wiley
  • Gore, A. J. P. 1983. Mires: Swamp, bog, fen and moor. General studies, In Goodall, D. W. Ecosystems of the World, 4A. Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
  • Gregory, D. 2000. Deterioration of wood in Nydam Mose. Maritime Archaeology Newsletter from Roskilde, Denmark 13, 23–7.
  • Gregory, D. 2003. Monitoring the Environment of the Re-burial Site at Marstrand. http://www.svk.com/reburial/index.htm, visited 11-12-2003.
  • Gregory, D., Matthiesen, H. and Björdal, C. 2002. In situ preservation of artefacts in Nydam Mose: Studies into environmental monitoring and the deterioration of wooden artefacts, pp. 213-23 in Hoffmann, P., Spriggs, J. A., Grant, T., Cook, C. and Recht, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Stockholm, 11-15 June 2001 Bremerhafen: ICOM.
  • Gregory, D. and Jensen, P. Forthcoming 2006. The importance of analysing waterlogged wooden artefacts and environmental conditions, when considering their in situ preservation. Journal of Wetland Archaeology.
  • Hald, A. B., Hoffmann, C. C. and Nielsen, L. 2003, Ekstensiv afgrxsning af ferske enge. Botanisk diversitet, smcipattedyr, miljo og produktion., Danmarks Jordbrugsforskning, Tjele, report 91 (in Danish, with English summary).
  • Heathwaite, A. L. 1990. The effect of drainage on nutrient release from fen peat and its implications for water quality — a laboratory simulation. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 49, 159–73.
  • Heathwaite, A. L. and Göttlich, K. 1993. Mires: Process, Exploitation and Conservation. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Helms, A. C. and Kilstrup, M. 2002. DNA based identification of bacteria inhabiting waterlogged wooden artefacts from the Nydam bog, pp.249-57 in Hoffmann, P., Spriggs, J. A., Grant, T., Cook, C. and Recht, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Stockholm, 11-15 June 2001 Bremerhaven: ICOM.
  • Helms, A. C., Martiny, A. C., Hofman-Bang, J., Ahring, B. K. and Kilstrup, M. 2004. Identification of cultivated bacteria from archaeological wood using molecular biological techniques. Inter-national Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 53, 79–88.
  • Hoffmann, C. C., Nygaard, B., Jensen, J. P., Kronvang, B., Madsen, J., Madsen, A. B., Larsen, S. E., Pedersen, M. L., Jels, T., Battrup-Pedersen, A., Riis, T., Blicher-Mathiesen, G., Iversen, T. M., Svendsen, L. M., Skriver, J. and Laubel, A. R. 2001. Overvaigning af effekten af retablerede vadomrcider. Teknisk anvisning nr. 19 fra DMU. National Environmental Research Institute NERI, Denmark (in Danish).
  • Hogan, D. and Maltby, E. 1996, Investigations of the environmental conditions of the Sweet Track. Final report to Somerset County Council, Wetland Ecosystem Research Group report no. 20, Royal Holloway Institute for Environmental Research.
  • Hogan, D. V., Simpson, P., Jones, A. M. and Maltby, D. 2002. Development of a protocol for the reburial of organic archaeological remains, pp. 187-212 in Hoffmann, P., Spriggs, J. A., Grant, T., Cook, C. and Recht, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Stockholm, 11-15 June 2001 Bremerhaven: ICOM.
  • Ilkjær, J. 2000. Illerup Adal — et arkxologisk tryllespejl Arhus: Moesgárd Museum (in Danish).
  • Kühl, M. and Steuckart, C. 2001. Sensors for in situ analysis of sulfide in aquatic systems, pp. 121-59 in Buffle, J. and Horvai, G. (eds.), In situ monitoring of aquatic systems: Chemical analysis and speciation Chichester: Wiley
  • Kölling, M. 2000. Comparison of different methods for redox potential determination in natural waters, pp. 42-54 in Schtiring, J., Schulz, H. D., Fischer, W. R., Böttcher, J. and Duijnisveld, W. H. M. (eds.), Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications Berlin: Springer
  • Laima, M. J. C., Matthiesen, H., Lund-Hansen, L. C. and Christiansen, C. 1998. Resuspension studies in cylindrical microcosms: Effects of stirring velocity on the dynamics of redox sensitive elements in a coastal sediment. Biogeochemistry 43, 293–309.
  • Laxen, D. P. H. and Chandler, I. M. 1982. Comparison of filtration techniques for size distribution in freshwaters. Analytical Chemistry 54, 1350–5.
  • Matthiesen, H. 1998, Phosphate release from marine sediments: by diffusion, advection, and resuspension, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
  • Matthiesen, H. 2003, Validation of oxygen measurements in dipwells using automated equipment, report no. 10832-0004-2, Department of Conservation, National Museum of Denmark. Available at http://www.natmus.dk/sw1322.asp
  • Matthiesen, H. 2004. In situ measurement of soil pH. Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 1373–1381.
  • Matthiesen, H., Emeis, K.C. and Jensen, B. T. 1998. Evidence for phosphate release from sediment in the Gotland Deep during oxic bottom water conditions. Meyniana 50, 175–90.
  • Matthiesen, H., Gregory, D., Jensen, P. and Sorensen, B. 2002, Bevaringsundersogelser i Nydam 1997-2002, Department of Conservation, National Museum of Denmark. Available at http://www.natmus.dk/sw1322.asp (in Danish).
  • Matthiesen, H., Hilbert, L. R. and Gregory, D. 2003. Siderite as a corrosion product on archaeological iron from a water logged environment. Studies in Conservation 48, 183–94.
  • Matthiesen, H., Gregory, D., Jensen, P. and Sorensen, B. Forthcoming. Environmental monitoring at Nydam, a waterlogged site with weapon sacrifices from the Danish Iron Age. II: Effects from archaeological excavations. Manuscript, to be submitted to Journal of Wetland Archaeology.
  • Matthiesen, H., Salomonsen, E. and Sorensen, B. 2004. The use of radiography and GIS to assess the deterioration of archaeological iron objects from a water logged environment. Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 1451–1461.
  • Nilsson, M. and Bohlin, E. 1993. Methane and carbon dioxide concentrations in bogs and fens - with special reference to the effects of the botanical composition of the peat. Journal of Ecology 81, 615–25.
  • Petersen, P. V. 1998. Der Nydam-III und Nydam-IV-Fund, pp. 241-65 in Bemmann, G. and Bemmann, J. (eds.), Der Opferplatz von Nydam: Die Funde aus den tilteren grabungen: Nydam-I und Nydam-II Neumiinster: Wachholtz Verlag (in German).
  • Ponnamperuma, F. N. 1972. The chemistry of submerged soil. Advances in Agronomy 24, 29–96.
  • Revsbech, N. P., Sorensen, J., Blackburn, T. H. and Lomholt, J. P. 1980. Distribution of oxygen in marine sediments measured with microelectrodes. Limnology and Oceanography 25, 403–11.
  • Rieck, F. 1997. Recent excavations at Nydam. The Danish National Museums Nydam Project 1989-1997. Amersfoort, C.J.C. Reuvenslezing.
  • Rieck, F. 2003. The ships from Nydam Bog, pp. 296-309 in Jorgensen, L., Storgaard, B. and Thomsen, L. G. (eds.), The spoils of victory. The North in the shadow of the Roman Empire Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark
  • Robin, M. J. L. and Gillham, R. W. 1987. Field evaluation of well purging procedures. Groundwater Monitoring Review 7, 85–93.
  • Roekens, E. J. and Van Grieken, R. E. 1983. Kinetics of iron(II)oxidation in seawater of various pH. Marine Chemistry 13, 195–202.
  • Schulte-Ebbert, U. and Hofmann, T. 2000. Measurement of redox potentials at the test site “Insel Hengsen”, pp. 161-74 in Schtiring, J., Schulz, H. D., Fischer, W. R., Böttcher, J. and Duijnisveld, W. H. M. (eds.), Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications Berlin: Springer
  • Schülz, H. D. 2000. Redox measurements in marine sediments, pp. 235-46 in Schtiring, J., Schulz, H. D., Fischer, W. R., Böttcher, J. and Duijnisveld, W. H. M. (eds.), Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications Berlin: Springer
  • Schtiring, J., Schulz, H. D., Fischer, W. R., Böttcher, J. and Duijnisveld, W. H. M. 2000. Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications. Berlin: Springer.
  • Sigg, L. 2000. Redox potential measurements in natural waters: Significance, concepts and problems, pp. 1-12 in Schtiring, J., Schulz, H. D., Fischer, W. R., Böttcher, J. and Duijnisveld, W. H. M. (eds.), Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications Berlin: Springer
  • Smith Sorensen, T., Gregory, D. and Sorensen, B. 2000. Redox Potentials, Iron Corrosion and Water Table in Nydam Mose, pp. 219–20 Presentations at 33rd Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology, Québec, January 4-9,2000 Society for Historical Archaeology.
  • Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J. 1981. Aquatic chemistry. An introduction emphasising chemical equilibria in natural waters. New York: Wiley.
  • Sørensen, B. and Gregory, D. 1998. In situ preservation of artifacts in Nydam Mose, pp. 94–8 in William Mourey and Luc Robbiola (eds.) Metal 98. Proceedings of the International Conference of Metals Conservation . London: James 8z James (Science publishers) Ltd.
  • Uhlig, H. H. 1963. The corrosion handbook. New York: Wiley.
  • van Bochove, E., Beauchemin, S. and Theriault, G. 2002. Continuous Multiple Measurement of Soil Redox Potential Using Platinum Microelectrodes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, 1813–20.
  • Van de Noort, R., Chapman, H. P. and Cheetham, J. L. 2001. In situ preservation as a dynamic process: the example of Sutton Common, UK. Antiquity 75, 94–100.
  • Whitfield, M. 1969. Eh as an operational parameter in estuarine studies. Limnology and Oceanography 14, 547–58.
  • Whitfield, M. 1972. The electrochemical characteristics of natural redox cells. Limnology and Oceanography 17, 383–93.
  • Whitfield, M. 1974. Thermodynamic limitations on the use of the platinum electrode in Eh measurements. Limnology and Oceanography 19, 857–65.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.