References
- Robert J. Kelly and Rufus Schatzberg (1995) “From Pistols to Plougshares: The IRA’s Farewell to Arms” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice. Vol. 19, no.2 (Fall)
- Robert J. Kelly and Robert W. Rieber (2001) “Terrorism in New York City: Fear, Trembling and Social Distress” in Andrew Karmen, editor Crime and Justice in New York City Vol. I. Cincinnati, Ohio: Thompson Learning: 169–176.
- Robert J. Kelly (1998) “Moral Disengagement and the Role of Ideology in the Displacement and Diffusion of Responsibility Among Terrorists” in Jack Komernan, editor, Negotiating Responsibility in the Criminal Justice System. Illinois Southern Illinois University Press.
- It is well to remember that some “conventional” terrorist groups- the IRA, the Basque ETA-continue to relentlessly pursue nationalist political goals where their acts of terror are confined, more or less to the bound of their national territories.
- Harvey Kushner (2002) Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Paul Bremer, III (2003) “A New Strategy for the New Face of Terrorism” in Kurt Finsterbusd, editor Annual Editions, Sociology 03/04 32nd edition Guilford, CT: McGraw-Hill Dushkin pp. 195–199.
- Robert J. Kelly and Rufus Schatzberg (1992) “Galvanizing Indiscriminate Political Violence: Mind-sets and some Ideological Constructs in Terrorism” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice (Spring) Vol. 16 No. 1: 16–41.
- James N. Rosenan (1989) Turbulence in World Politics Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. Eugene Smith, Rufus Schatzberg and Robert J. Kelly (2003) “9/11-A Rearguard Action or a Portent of the Future?” Eurocriminology Vol. 16.
- Modernization is an accomplished fact in the West but remains in other parts of the world a frustrated aspiration. Among the consequences of this has been the arrival in the cities of Europe and North America hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Africa, Asia and Latin America who have had to flee the chaos, violence, and transformations of their half-modern societies (see “9/11-A Rearqguard Action or Portent of the Future” EuroCriminology Vol. 16 [2003]) In the midst of their re-making of themselves out of bewildering diverse cultural & psychological artifacts various conceptual categories have been appropriated to encapsulate their experiences: multicultural, diasporic , Islamic, Latino, Asian, Indian-and not least, terrorist which encourages rabid political passions. To be a terrorist one must begin with a certain kind of sensibility. The sensibility itself is created, or given direction, by an intellectual atmosphere. The Islamists cultist atmosphere provides a refined, ritualized milieu for the cultivation of terrorist ideology. The interesting features of the Wahabi Islamic orientation that lays at the heart of the al-Qaeda movement only commits itself to an exploration of the World in terms of the alienating different ness of what lays outside.
- In connection with the Islamic world, the term “Fundamentalism” was not widely used until the 1980s. After the Iranian Revolution, the media worked through to this concept. However, “the revival of Islam” was somewhat of a puzzle: it seemed that it had so little, to offer its adherents in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, so what did it now in the 20th and 21st centuries have to hold out to an infinitely better educated world? Ironically, the fact of more educated informed Muslims population probably contributed to feelings of exploration by the West. Why is Islamic fundamentalism held up in opposition to Western values? In Iran under the rule of the Shiite Ayatollahs the faith is the complete way; it fills and covers everything leaving no spare corner of the mind, or will or soul, to the other world-the non-Muslim world where it is necessary to be an individual and responsible so that people develop vocations and can be stirred by ambition and achievement. What adds fuel to the fire is the articles of faith within the belief system of Islam: that everything before the faith was wrong, misguided, heretical; there was no room in the heart or mind of these believers for their pre-Mohammedan past. See also Paul B. Davis (2001) “The Terrorist Mentality.” Cerebrum: The Dana Forum or Brain Science (Summer). The essay explores the terrorist psyche and concludes that much contemporary terrorism seems to be predicated on excessive resentment and extreme self-righteousness.
- Robert J. Kelly and Eugene Smith (1993) “Terror at the World Trade Center: A New Sense of Fear and Uncertainty” Magazin fur die Polizli Vol. 24, No. 2 (October)
- Martha Crenshaw (2001) “Why America? The Globalization of Civil War” Current History (December): 425–432.
- Jessica Stern (2001 ) “Preparing for a War on Terrorism” Current History (November): 355–357.
- John M Deutch and Jeffrey H. Smith (2002) “Smarter Intelligence” Foreign Policy No. 128 (January/February): 64–69.
- Presidential Decision Directive 62. Combatting Terrorism Directive, 1998. The White House; Graham Allison (2001) “Could Worse Be Yet To Come?” The Economist (November 2): 19–21.
- Paul Biener III (2003 ) op. cit. see Note 6.
- Thomas Horner-Dixon (2002) “The Rise of Complex Terrorism” Foreign Policy No. 128 (January/February) 52–62: Robert J. Kelly (1994) “Fanatics and Fundamentalists: Domestic and International Perspectives” Journal of the International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts Vol. 8, No. 2
- See, for example, articles in Monitor on Psychology Vol. 33, No. 8 (September, 2002) “Sept.11: A Year Later” pp.28–43.
- Tom Foremski (2001 ) “How Business Could Survive” Financial Times (October 10).
- Osip Mandelstam (1977) Selected Essays translated by Sidney Monaco. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, p. 67.
- Jess Maghan (1998) “Terrorist Mentality” in Janos Boros, Ivan Munnich, Marton Szegedi, editors Psychology and Criminal Justice: International Review of Theory and Practice European Association of Psychology and Law. NY: W. DeGruyter: 335–345.