723
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Theorizing on the Stereotyping of Black Male Student-Athletes: Issues and Implications

Pages 203-226 | Published online: 19 Jul 2013

References

  • American Council on Education. (2003, September). Affirmative action in higher education after Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger. Retrieved August 22, 2005, from www.acenet.edu.
  • Anderson, A., & South, D. (2000). Racial differences in collegiate recruiting, retention, and graduation rates. In D. Brooks & R. Althouse (Eds.), Racism in college athletics: The African American athlete’s experience (2nd ed.) (pp. 155–169). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Technology, Inc.
  • Appiah, K. A. (2000). Race identity and racial identification. In L. Back & J. Solomos (Eds.), Theories of race and racism (pp. 607–615). London: Routledge.
  • Benson, K. F. (2000 ). Constructing academic inadequacy: African American athletes’ stories of schooling, Journal of Higher Education,i71 (2), 223–246.
  • Biernat, M., Vescio, T. K., & Green, M. L. (1996 ). Selective self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,i71 (6), 1194–1209.
  • Borman, K. M., Eitle, T. M., Michael, D., Eitle, D. J., Lee, R., Johnson, L., Cobb-Roberts, D., Dorn, S., & Shircliffe, B. (2004). Accountability in a postdesegregation era: The continuing significance of racial segregation in Florida’s schools. American Educational Research Journal, 41, 605–631.
  • Boyd, T. (1997). The day the niggaz took over: Basketball, commodity, culture, and Black masculinity. In A. Baker & T. Boyd (Eds.), Out of bounds (pp. 123–142). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Brooks, D., & Althouse, R. (Eds.). (2000). Racism in college athletics: The African-American athlete’s experience (2nd ed.). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
  • Bruening, J. E. (2005). Gender and racial analysis in sport: Are all the women White and all the Blacks men? Quest, 57, 330–349.
  • Burden, J. W., Jr., Hodge, S. R., & Harrison, L., Jr. (2004 ). African American and White American students’ beliefs about ethnic groups’ aspirations: A paradoxical dilemma of academic versus athletic pursuits. E-Journal of Teaching and Learning in Diverse Settings,i2 (1), 54–77.
  • Byers, W. (1995). Unsportmanlike conduct: Exploiting college athletes. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
  • Cadwallader, B., & Futty, J. (2006, August 10). Clarett’s arrest deepens decline. Columbus Dispatch, pp. A1, A4.
  • Carey, J. (2006, December 29). Fla. ‘D’ no overnight success: Unit loaded with players who hit field as freshman. USA Today, pp. 1F-2F.
  • Cheryan, S., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance: The psychological hazards of ‘model minority’ status. Psychological Science, 11, 399–409.
  • Cleaver, E. (1968). Soul on ice. New York: Dell.
  • Coakley, J. (2004). Sports in society: Issues and controversies (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • DeCuir, J. T., & Dixson, A. D. (2004). “So when it comes out, they aren’t that surprised that it is there”: Using critical race theory as a tool of analysis of race and racism in education. Educational Researcher, 33, 26–31.
  • Devine, P. G. (1989 ). Stereotypes and prejudices: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,i56 (1), 5–18.
  • Dickson, L. M. (2006). Does ending affirmative action in college admissions lower the percent of minority students applying to college? Economics of Education Review, 25, 109–119.
  • Dixson, A. D., & Rousseau, C. K. (2005). And we are still not saved: critical race theory in education ten years later. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 8, 7–27.
  • Donnor, J. K. (2005 ). Towards an interest-convergence in the education of African-American football student athletes in major college sports. Race, Ethnicity and Education,i8 (1), 45–67.
  • Duncan, G. A. (2005 ). Critical race ethnography in education: Narrative, inequality and the problem of epistemology. Race, Ethnicity and Education,i8 (1), 93–114.
  • Edwards, H. (1998). An end of the golden age of Black participation in sport? Civil Rights Journal, 3, 18–24 i
  • Edwards, H. (2000). Crisis of Black athletes on the eve of the 21st Century. Society, 3, 9–13.
  • Eitle, T., & Eitle, D. (2002). Race, cultural capitol, and the educational effects of participation in sports. Sociology of Education, 75, 123–146.
  • Eitzen, D. S., & Purdy, D. A. (1993). The academic preparation and achievement of black and white collegiate athletes. In A. Yiannakis, D. McIntyre, & M. J. Melnick (Eds.), Sport sociology: Contemporary themes (4th ed.) (pp. 492–500). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
  • Entine, J. (2000). Taboo: Why Black athletes dominate sports and why we are afraid to talk about it. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Feinstein, J. (2000). The last amateurs: Playing for glory and honor in Division I college basketball. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Fordham, S. (1988). Racelessness as a factor in black students’ school success: Pragmatic strategy or pyrrhic victory? Harvard Educational Review, 58, 54–84.
  • Fryer, R. G. Jr., & Torelli, P. (2005 ). An empirical analysis of ‘acting White’. NBER Working Paper No. W11334. Retrieved January 1, 2007, from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id = 723303.
  • Garibaldi, A. M. (1992). Educating and motivating African American males to succeed, Journal of Negro Education, 61(1), 4–11.
  • Goldsmith, P. (2003). Race relations and racial patterns in schools sports participation. Sociology of Sport Journal, 20, 147–171.
  • Hall, R. (2002 ). The bell curve: Implications for the performance of Black/ White athletes. The Social Science Journal,i39 (1), 113–118.
  • Harrison, C. K., & Lawrence, S. M. (2004 ). College students’ perceptions, myths, and stereotypes about African American athleticism: A qualitative investigation. Sport, Education and Society,i9 (1), 33–52.
  • Harrison, L., Jr. (1995). African Americans: Race as a self-schema affecting sport and physical activity choices. Quest, 47, 7–18.
  • Harrison, L., Jr. (2001). Understanding the influence of stereotypes: Implications for the African American in sport and physical activity. Quest, 53, 97–114.
  • Harrison, L., Jr., Azzarito, L., & Burden, J., Jr. (2004). Perceptions of athletic superiority: A view from the other side. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 7, 149–166.
  • Harrison, L., Jr., & Belcher, D. (2006). Race and ethnicity in physical education, In D. Kirk, D. Macdonald, & M. O’Sullivan (Eds.), The handbook of physical education (pp. 740–751). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Harrison, L., Jr., Harrison, C. K., & Moore, L. N. (2002 ). African American racial identity and sport. Sport, Education and Society,i7 (2), 121–133.
  • Harrison, L., Jr., Lee, A., & Belcher, D. (1999). Self-schemata for specific sports and physical activities: The influence of race and gender. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 23, 287–307.
  • Hewstone, M., Hantzi, A., & Johnston, L. (1991). Social categorization and person memory: The pervasiveness of race as an organizing principle. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 517–528.
  • Hodge, S. R., Harrison, L., Jr., Burden, J., Jr., & Dixson, A. D. (2008). Brown in Black and White—Then and now: A question of educating or sporting African American males in America. Journal of American Behavioral Scientists,i51 (7), 928–952.
  • Holzman, M. (2004). Public education and Black male students: A State report card. Schott Educational Inequity Index, Cambridge, MA: The Schott Foundation for Public Education.
  • Jay, M. (2003 ). Critical race theory, multicultural education, and the hidden curriculum of hegemony. Multicultural Perspectives,i5 (4), 3–9.
  • Jones, J. M. (1998 ). Psychological knowledge and the new American dilemma of race. Journal of Social Issues,i54 (4), 641–663.
  • Jones, J. M. (2006). From racial inequality to social justice: The legacy of Brown v. Board and lesson from South Africa. Journal of Social Issues, 62(4), 885–909.
  • Kane, M. (1971, January 18). An assessment of Black is best. Sports Illustrated, 72–83.
  • Kantor, H., & Brenzel, B. (1992). Urban education and the “truly disadvantaged”: The historical roots of the contemporary crisis. Teachers College Record, 94, 278–314.
  • Kelly, J. (1996). Leisure (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Kiger, G., & Lorentzen, D. (1986). The relative effects of gender, race, and sport on university academic performance. Sociology of Sport Journal, 3, 160–167.
  • Ladson-Billings, G. (1998 ). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? Qualitative Studies in Education,i11 (1), 7–24.
  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2000). Racialized discourses and ethnic epistemologies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed. ) (pp. 257–277). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2004 ). Landing on the wrong note: The price we paid for Brown. Educational Researcher,i33 (7), 3–13.
  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2006). From the achievement gap to the education debt: Understanding achievement in U.S. schools. Educational Researcher, 3(7), 3–12.
  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2008 ). A letter to our next president. Journal of Teacher Education,i59 (3), 235–239.
  • Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97(1), 47–68.
  • Lapchick, R. E., & Matthews, J. (2001). Racial and gender report card. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Center for the Study of Sport in Society.
  • Lawrence, S. M. (2005 ). African American athletes’ experiences of race in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport,i40 (1), 99–110.
  • Lippman, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Macmillan.
  • Livingston, A., & Wirt, J. (2004). The condition of education 2004 in brief (NCES 2004–076 ). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Loury, G. C. (2002). The anatomy of racial inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Lucas, J., & Lovaglia, M. (2002). Athletes’ expectations for success in athletics compared to academic competition. The Sport Journal, 5(2 ). Online. Available: http://www.thesportjournal.org
  • Lum, L. (2005 ). Desperately seeking students—Several public flagships attempt to reverse disturbing declines in Black student college enrollment. Black Issues in Higher Education,i22, 34–35.
  • Martens, R. (2004). Successful coaching (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Massey, D., & Denton, N. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Mavis, M. G. (1997). Overcoming obstacles: Academic achievement as a response to racism and discrimination. Journal of Negro Education, 66, 83–93.
  • Miller, P. B. (1998 ). The anatomy of scientific racism: Racialist responses to Black athletic achievement. Journal of Sport History,i25 (1), 119–151.
  • Moore, J. L., III, Madison-Colmore, O., & Smith, D. M. (2003). The prove- them-wrong syndrome: Voices from unheard African-American males in engineering disciplines. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 12, 61–73.
  • Moran, M. (2005, January 13). 20 years later, a message from a champ. Vil- lanova’s McLain wants youngsters to see how costly his mistakes were. USA Today, p. 9C.
  • Mukhopadhyay, C., & Henze, R. C. (2003). How real is race? Using anthropology to make sense of human diversity. Phi Delta Kappan, 84(9), 669–678.
  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2004). 2004 NCAA graduationrates report. Retrieved August 2, 2005, from www.ncaa.org.
  • Noguera, P. A. (2003). City schools and the American dream: Reclaiming the promise of public education. New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Ogden, D. C. & Hilt, M. (2003). Collective identity and basketball: An explanation for the decreasing number of African-Americans on America’s baseball diamonds. Journal of Leisure Research, 35, 213–227.
  • Oller, R. (2006, August 10). Without ball, Clarett’s life has gone nowhere. Columbus Dispatch, pp. A1, A4.
  • Phillip, S. F. (1998). African-Americans’ perceptions of leisure, racial discrimination, and life satisfaction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 14–18.
  • Price, S. (1997). Too single-minded? Many young Blacks are so intent on becoming the next Jordan that they forgo more realistic paths to success. Sports Illustrated, 87(23), 8, 42.
  • Reese, R. (1998). The socio-political context of the integration of sport in America. Journal of African American Men, 4, 5–22.
  • Rudman, W. (1986). The sport mystique in Black culture. Sociology of Sport Journal, 3, 305–319.
  • Sailes, G. A. (1991 ). The myth of Black sports supremacy. Journal of Black Studies,i21 (4), 480–487.
  • Sailes, G. A. (1993). An investigation of campus stereotypes: The myth of Black athletic superiority and the dumb jock stereotype. Sociology of Sport Journal, 10, 88–97.
  • Singer, J. N. (2005). Understanding racism through the eyes of African American male student-athletes. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 8, 365–386.
  • Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999 ). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychologyi2, 4–28.
  • Spigner, C. (1993 ). African American student-athletes: Academic support of institutionalized racism? Education,i114 (1), 144–150.
  • Spurgeon, C., & Meredith, H.V. (1980). Secular change of body size and form of Black American children and youths living in the United States. An- throp.Kozl, 24. 237–240.
  • Steele, C. (1992). Race and the schooling of African-American Americans. The Atlantic Monthly, 269, 68–78.
  • Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613–629.
  • Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995 ). Stereotype threat and intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,i69 (5), 797–811.
  • Stone, J., Lynch, C. I., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J. M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on black and white athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1213–1227.
  • Stone, J., Perry, Z. W., & Darley, J. M. (1997). ‘White men can’t jump’: Evidence for the perceptual confirmation of racial stereotypes following a basketball game. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19, 291–306.
  • Taylor, E. (2000, April). Bring in “Da Noise”: Race, sports, and the role of schools. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, pp. 75–78.
  • Toppo, G. (2004, April 28). Integrated schools still a dream 50 years later. Decades after ‘Brown,’ income, not the law, separates the races. USA Today, pp. 1A-2A.
  • Turner, R. (1998 ). Being honest about and to athletes. Black Issues in Higher Education.i15 (11), 100.
  • Walker, M. A. (2005 ). Black coaches are ready, willing—and still waiting. Black Issues in Higher Education,i22 (6), 26–29.
  • Ward, P., & O’Sullivan, M. (2006). Chapter 1: The contexts of urban settings. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25, 348–362.
  • Whiteside, K. (2004, April 1). Hornung’s ‘black athlete’ comment irks Notre Dame. USA Today, p. 1C.
  • Whiteside, K. (2006, December 29). Catching up with expectations: Ohio State’s Ginn now has to outrun Gators. USA Today, pp. 1F-2F.
  • Wieberg, S. (2006a, November 17). In coaching bonuses, academics take back seat to on-field results. USA Today, p.18C.
  • Wieberg, S. (2006b, November 29). NCAA says it can’t require colleges to consider black football coaches. USA Today, p. 3C.
  • Wiggins, D. K. (1989 ). “Great speed but little stamina:” The historical debate over Black athletic superiority. Journal of Sport History,i16 (2), 158–185.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.