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Original Articles

François Hennebique: The Specialist Organisation and the Success of Ferro-Concrete: 1892–1909

PATRICIA CUSACKRead at the Science Museum, London, on 12 December 1984
Pages 71-86 | Published online: 31 Jan 2014

NOTES AND REFERENCES

  • Hennebique's system, in particular, was known in English as `ferro-concrete' after his representa-tive in Britain, L. G. Mouchel, originated the term in 1897-8.
  • Jacques Fougerolle, "L'Evolution du Béton Armé, in: Cent Ans de Béton Armé, (Chambre Syndicale des Constructeurs en Ciment Armé; de France, Paris, 1949, pp. 63–77,) p. 74.
  • "The Life and Work of Francois Hennebique", Ferro-Concrete, vol. 2, no. 9, March 1911, (pp. 258–66), pp. 258, 261. W. Noble Twel-vetrees, "Francois Hennebique—A Biographical Memoir", Ferro-Concrete, vol. 13, no. 5, November 1921, (pp. 118–44), pp. 122–3. "Hennebique", Techniques et Architecture, vol. 9, 1949, p. 46.
  • "Hennebique Methods of Calculation", Ferro-Concrete, vol. 1, no. 2, August 1909, p. 25. Wolf von Niebelschtitz, Zablin-Bau, (Stuttgart, 1958), p. 39: concrete in French Government works, 1886.
  • F. Hennebique, reported by: P. G., "Le Sixième Congres du Béton Armé", Le Béton Armé, no. 45, February 1902, (pp. 113–5), pp. 114–5. Peter Collins, Concrete, (London, 1959), p. 64, briefly refers to this tower but not to Hennebique's proposed use of reinforced concrete; illust: Pl. 13.
  • Letter, C. Roch, Marseilles, to C. R. J. Wood, 5 June 1958, transl., (pp. 1–18), pp. 2–3.
  • Ibid., p. 3.
  • E.g. "The Life and Work of Francois Hennebique", op. cit. (3), p. 261.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), p. 3; s.a. p. 2.
  • Ibid.
  • "Quatrième Congrés du Béton Armé", Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 2.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), p. 3.
  • "Raffinerie Parisienne, a Saint-Ouen", La Con-struction Moderne, 20 April 1895, p. 343 if.
  • "Life and Work of Francois Hennebique", op. cit. (3), p. 266.
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 7.
  • "Raffinerie Parisienne", op. cit. (13), p. 343.
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Anne, September 1900, p. 7.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), p. 4.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), pp. 5, 8, and: A. L. Cor-deau, "Les Ciments Armés", Le Moniteur des Architectes, April 1899, p. 26.
  • F. Hennebique, "Tableau du Développement des Entreprises du Béton Armé", Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 8.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), p. 5.
  • Ibid.
  • Patricia Cusack, Reinforced Concrete in Britain: 1897–1908, Ph. D. Thesis (University of Edinburgh, 1981), chapter 7.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), p. 4.
  • Ibid.
  • Personal correspondence with the company, Baffrey-Hennebique, Paris.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), p. 4.
  • G. E., "Des Garanties de Bonne Execution", Le Béton Armé, June 1903, p. 7. N. de Tedesco, "The Historical Evolution of Reinforced Concrete in France", Concrete and Constructional Engin-eering, vol. 1, no. 3, July 1906, p. 163.
  • Dr. F. von Emperger, "The Prevention of Failures in Reinforced Concrete Structures", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, vol. 4, no. 5, October 1909, p. 312.
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p.7.
  • "Life and Work of Francois Hennebique", op. cit. (3), p. 265.
  • G.E., "Des Garanties de Bonne Exécution", op. cit. (28).
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), p. 9.
  • M. Dumesnil, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, pp. 2–3.
  • "Reviews of Books: Le Béton Armé: Relevé de Travaux Executes en 1909", Ferro-Concrete, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 94.
  • "La Villa en Ciment Armé de Bourg-la-Reine", Le Béton Armé, December 1904, p. 284.
  • Relevé de Travaux Executes, Ann& 1899, Bétons Armés Systeme Hennebique, Paris.
  • "Life and Work of Francois Hennebique", op. cit. (3), p. 262.
  • W. Noble Twelvetrees, op. cit. (3), p. 127. S.a. Relevé de Travaux Executes, O. cit. (37). "Des Garanties de Bonne Execution", op. cit. (28), etc.
  • W. Noble Twelvetrees, ibid., p. 127.
  • S. Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, (H.U.P., 5th edition, 1967), p. 451: no source given for this statement. A. Raafat, Reinforced Concrete in Architecture, (New York, 1958), p. 75.
  • Max Bill, Robert Mailtart, (Zurich, 1949), does not mention this, either.
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p.7.
  • "Life and Work of Francois Hennebique", Op. cit. (3), p. 262.
  • W. Noble Twelvetrees, op. cit. (3), pp. 130–1.
  • "La Villa en Ciment Armé", op. cit. (36), pp. 284–5.
  • Letter, M. Robert Flament-Hennebique, Neuilly-sur-Seine, to Patricia Cusack, 2 August 1980.
  • "Le Béton Armé au Tribunal Civil", Le Béton Armé, January 1901, (pp. 1–9), pp. 1–3, and M. Hennebique, "Huitieme Congres du Béton Armé", p. 19, supplement to: Le Béton Armé, no. 69, February 1904.
  • "Le Béton Armé en Cour d'Appel", Le Béton Armé, June 1902, (pp. 1–4), pp. 3–4.
  • M. Cordier, "Huitieme Congres du Béton Armé", op. cit. (48), p. 19.
  • An appeal was tried, however: M. Hennebique, ibid., p. 19; s.a. p. 27.
  • Ibid., p. 20.
  • M. Bernard, ibid., p. 22.
  • A. Considere, "Spirally Reinforced Concrete and its Application", The Builders' Journal, Concrete and Steel Supplement, vol. 25, 27 March 1907, p. 32.
  • W. von Niebelschiitz, op. cit. (4), p. 38.
  • M. Robert Flament-Hennebique, op. cit. (47).
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p.4.
  • Ibid., p. 5.
  • Ibid., p. 4.
  • Prof. F. Schtile, "The Historical Evolution of Reinforced Concrete in Switzerland", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, May 1907, p. 91.
  • "The Construction of Arches in Concrete—X", The Building News, 13 13 1897, p. 215.
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, P. 5.
  • Techniques et Architecture, vol. 9, 1949, p. 46.
  • W. v. Niebelschiltz, op. cit. (4), p. 41.
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 6.
  • Ibid., p. 7.
  • works in 1899: F. Hennebique, "Tableau du Développement des Entreprises du Béton Armé", Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 8. Cf. Relevé de Travaux Executes, Annee 1899, op. cit. (37), but Relevé, Annee 1902 and elsewhere give 1129 works for 1899.
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Anne, September 1900, P. 7.
  • N. de Tedesco, op. cit. (28).
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, P. 7.
  • Ibid.
  • F. Hennebique, "Tableau", op. cit. (67).
  • Drawings for mill, e.g. Moulin a Grains a Swansea. Construction des Fondations en Béton armésysteme Hennebique, plan no. 6, 3 1897.
  • M. Dumesnil, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 3.
  • "Life and Work of Francois Hennebique", op. cit. (3), p. 266.
  • Relevé, Aimee 1902, op. cit. (67).
  • PG., Le Béton Armé, December 1902, p. 111.
  • "La Villa en Ciment Armé", op. cit. (36), p. 284.
  • Ibid.
  • L. G. Mouchel, "Monolithic Constructions in Hennebique's Ferro-Concrete", paper to the R.I.B.A., 21 November 1904, Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, vol. 12, 26 November 1904 (pp. 47–61), p. 51.
  • List of offices in: L. G. Mouchel, The Hennebique Ferro-Concrete System, (second edition, 1905).
  • Ferro-Concrete, vol. 2, no. 3, September 1910, p. 94.
  • Ferro-Concrete, vol. 1, no. 2, August 1909, p. 25.
  • Ibid.
  • Ferro-Concrete, vol. 1, no. 4, October 1909, p. 66.
  • "Recent Developments in Ferro-Concrete Bridge Building",Ferro-Concrete, vol. 1,no. 5, November 1909, p. 89, Cf. L. G. Mouchel., Ferro-Concrete Bridges, (1907), title-page.
  • "Recent Developments", ibid.
  • "Reviews: Hennebique Ferro-Concrete. List ofWorks U.K. 1897–1911, L. G. Mouchel & Part-ners, second edition, 1911", in: Ferro-Concrete, vol. 3, no. 8, February 1912, p. 269.
  • M. Bowley, Innovation in building Materials, (London, 1960), p. 111.
  • Emperger, op. cit. (29), p. 312.
  • Le Béton Armé, June 1903, p. 7.
  • "La Villa en Ciment Armé", op. cit. (36).
  • Reported in: Le Armé, e.g. Le Armé, September 1900, p. 1 ff.; Le Béton Armé, December 1902, p. 109. Congresses usually lasted three days.
  • P.G., "Le Sixième Congrés du Béton Armé".
  • Le Béton Armé, September 1900, pp. 13–14.
  • F. Hennebique, "4e Congrès de Béton Armé", Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 3.
  • P.G., "Le Sixième Congrés", op. cit. (94), p. 114.
  • S. de Mollins, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 2.
  • M. Dumesnil, ibid.
  • Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 1.
  • E.g. Le B'eton Arm'e, September 1902, pp. 57–9;
  • Le Béton Armé, January 1903, p. 126.
  • "Chronicle", Journal of the Royal Institute of British
  • "Les Reglements Juges par Eux-Mêmes", Le Béton Armé, March 1905, p. 29.
  • Ibid., and Twelvetrees, op. cit. (3), pp. 140–1.
  • "8e Congrès de Béton Armé", supplement to Le Béton Armé, no. 69, February 1904, pp. 48–9.
  • E.g. Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 9.
  • "Life and Work of Francois Hennebique",
  • Report of Comité de publicité by M. Monnier Ducastel, "8e. Congrès du Béton Armé", op. cit. (106), p.3.
  • E.g. P. Collins, op. cit. (5), p. 66.
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p.4.
  • F. Schüle, op. cit. (60), p. 91.
  • M. Hennebique, "8e. Congres du Béton Armé", op. cit. (106), p. 7.
  • "Life and Work of Francois Hennebique",
  • M. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900,
  • M. Hennebique, "8e. Congres du Béton Armé", op. cit. (106), pp. 7–8.
  • Ibid.
  • "8e. Congres du Béton Armé", op. cit. (106), pp. 6–7.
  • M. Hennebique, ibid., 11 January 1904, p. 7.
  • Patricia Cusack, Weaver's Provender Mill and Silos, Open University Project, 1975.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), also said, "Hennebique
  • Ibid., p. 5.
  • Drawings are numbered and stamped as from Nantes office. See also "Moulin a Provende Swansea", Le Béton Armé, May 1900, p. 4.
  • P. Cusack, op. cit. (120).
  • "Moulin a Provende a Swansea", Le Béton Armé, May 1900, p. 4.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), p. 5.
  • Ferro-Concrete, vol. 3, no. 8, February 1912, p. 255.
  • E.g. Tests, Orleans Railway Co., prints found in "Hennebique" archives, U.K.
  • P. Gallotti, Le Béton Armé, November 1903, p. 85.
  • F. Schtile, op. cit. (60).
  • E.g. Le Béton Armé, 1907, title-page.
  • Paul Christophe, "Le Béton Armé et Ses Appli-cations", Le Béton Armé, April 1900, p. 1. Chri-stophe's book, Le Béton Armé, was one basis for C. Marsh's Reinforced Concrete, (London, 1904): introduction.
  • Le Béton Armé is subtitled: Organe des Conces-sionaires et Agents du Systéme Hennebique.
  • Le Béton Armé, September 1901, p. 1.
  • M. Lebrun, op. cit. (106), p. 25.
  • M. Lebrun, ibid., p. 6.
  • "Académie des Sciences", Le Béton Anne, September 1902, p. 59.
  • "Etude Théorique . . . . du Béton Fretté. Note de M. Considere a l'Académie des Sciences", Le Béton Armé, October 1902, pp. 82–3.
  • "Academie des Sciences", op. cit. (137).
  • Ferro-Concrete, vol. 4, no. 6, December 1912, p. 187.
  • "Memoranda", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, vol. 6, no. 4, April 1911, p. 324.
  • Le Béton Armé, November 1902, p. 104.
  • Le Béton Armé, November 1903, pp. 93–4.
  • M. Grouselle, Le Béton Anne, September 1900, P. 9.
  • "Reinforced Concrete Bridges", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, vol. 4, no. 5, October 1909, p. 317.
  • E.g. P.G., "Exposition du Béton Armé", Le Béton Arm; February 1902, (pp. 115–22). P.G., "Le 7e. Congres et l'Exposition du Béton Armé", Le Béton Armé; January 1903, p. 125.
  • Le Béton Armé, February 1902, (pp. 119–22),p. 120.
  • Ibid.; mention of "future reference" here which did not, I think, materialise. See P. Cusack, op. cit. (23), chapter 10 and appendix I, for Quayside warehouse.
  • P.G., "Le 8e. Congres", Le Béton Armé, January 1904, p. 114.
  • Date 1903 inscribed in porch: personal inspection.
  • M. Flament, "He. Congres", op. cit. (106), p. 13.
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, pp. 4–5, n. 2.
  • Ibid., p. 3, if.
  • F. Hennebique; Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 6. See also: Charles Marsh, Reinforced Con-crete, (London, 1904), pp. 415–7 and illustrations (Petit Palais); pp. 465–7 and illustrations ("Quai DebiIly" bridge); Le Béton Armé, October 1900, Figs. 4, 10 (Palais des Lettres).
  • F. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 6: selective catalogue of works at Paris Exhibition.
  • C. Marsh, op. cit. (154), p. 417.
  • M. Flament, "8e. Congrés", op. cit. (106), p. 37.
  • C. Marsh, op. cit. (154), p. 421, illustration, Fig. 386.
  • Ibid., pp. 19–20.
  • "Uses of Expanded Metal", The Builder, vol. 79, 29 December 1900, p. 584.
  • C. Marsh, op. cit. (154), pp. 27–8: eight killed; designer/system, not stated.
  • "Exposition Universelle de 1900. Extrait du Rap-port de M. Alfred Picard, Commissaire Général", Le Béton Armé, April 1903, p. 181.
  • Professor von Emperger, extract from paper to Vienna Congress Architects, 1908, Concrete and Constructional Engineering, vol. 3, no. 4, September 1908, p. 314.
  • A. Picard, op. cit. (162).
  • G.E., "Des Garanties de Bonne Exécution", op. cit. (28), p. 7.
  • Ibid., and Le Béton Armé, September 1900, p. 7.
  • M. Hennebique, Le Béton Armé, September 1900, 7.
  • See P. Cusack, op. cit. (23), chapter 7.
  • F. Schtile, op. cit. (60), p. 91.
  • W. v. Niebelschiltz, op. cit. (4), p. 37.
  • Ibid., pp. 41- 3, 105.
  • Ibid., p. 44.
  • P. Cusack, op. cit. (23), chapter 7.
  • C. Roch, op. cit. (6), pp. 4–5.
  • P.G., "6e. Congres du Béton Armé", Le Béton Armé, February 1902, (pp. 113–5), pp. 113–4.
  • G.E., "Des Garanties de Bonne Execution", op. cit. (28), p. 7. "Life and Work of Francois Hennebique", op. cit. (3), p. 262.
  • E.g. Hennebique Ferro-Concrete. Theory and Practice, (London, 4th edition, 1921), introduction.

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