Bioengineering in Britain:1950–1965

NOTES AND REFERENCES

• Myles Harris, 'The Bumble Bee and the Question: Whose Brain Is It Anyway', Evening Standard, 21 February 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Everett Mendelsohn 'The Social Locus of Scientific Instruments' in Invisible Connections: Instrument,Institutions and Science, Robert Bud and Susan Cozzens, eds. (Bellingham, W.A., S.P.I.E., 1992), p. 19.
   Google Scholar
• Stuart S. Blume, Insight and Industry: On the Dynamics of Technological Change in Medicine (Cambridge, Mass, M.I.T. Press, 1992).
   Google Scholar
• Robert Bud, The Uses of Life: A History of Biotechnology (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
   Google Scholar
• H. S. Wolff, Biomedical Engineering (London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1970). p. 7.
   Google Scholar
• David F. Channell, The Vital Machine: A Study of Technology and Organic Life, (Oxford University Press, 1991).
   Google Scholar
• Blume, Insight and Industry, p. 250.
   Google Scholar
• R. M. Kenedi, 'Preface' to A Textbook of Biomedical Engineering (Glasgow, Blackie, 1980), pp. v–vi.
   Google Scholar
• Kenedi, 'Preface'.
   Google Scholar
• See Brigitte Hoppe, 'Biologische und technische Bewegungslehre im 19. Jahrhundert', in Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik im 19. Jahrhundert, Technikgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, Nr 11, B. Hoppe et al., eds. (Dusseldorf, V.D.I. Verlag, 1969), pp. 9–35; the classic work in the genre was Vitus Graber, Die eiuseren mechanischen Werkzeuge der Wirbeltiere (Leipzig, Fremtag, 1886).
   Google Scholar
• William Waldegrave, quoted in William Bown, 'Its Official: There is a Brain Drain', New Scientist, 4 July 1992, p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• P. Geddes and V. V. Branford, The Coining Polity (London, Leplay House, 1919), pp. 267–68.
   Google Scholar
• R. R. Roth, 'The Foundation of Bionics', Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 26 (1983), pp. 229–42.
   Google Scholar
• [Rainald, Brightman], 'Biotechnology', Nature, vol. 131(29 April 1933), pp. 597–9.
   Google Scholar
• L. G. H. Sarsfield, Electrical Engineering in Radiology: A Treatise on the Nature and Function of Electrical Equipment for X-ray Work in Medicine and Industry (London, Chapman and Hall, 1936); H. M. Terrill and C. T. Ulrey, X-Ray Technology: The Production, Measurement and Applications of X-Rays (London, Chapman and Hall, 1936).
   Google Scholar
• Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (New York, Airmont, 1965; first published 1906), p. 40.
   Google Scholar
• Karl Ereky, Biotechnologie der Fleisch-, Fett- und Milcherzeugung im landwirtschaftlichen Grofibetriebe ( Berlin, Paul Parey, 1919).
   Google Scholar
• T. K. Walker, 'A History of the Development of a School of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Technology, University of Manchester'. Advances in Applied Microbiology, vol. 12 (1970), pp. 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Karl T. Compton and John W. M. Bunker, 'The Genesis of a Curriculum in Biological Engineering', Scientific Monthly vol. 48 (January 1939). pp. 5–15.
   Google Scholar
• Vannevar Bush, 'The Case for Biological Engineering'. In Scientists Face the World of 1942, pp. 33–45 (New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1942).
   Google Scholar
• 'Bioteknik', I.V.A., vol. 14 (15 February 1943), p. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Alan Hodgkin, Change and Design: Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
   Google Scholar
• R. M. Kenedi, 'The 1988 Adam Thomson Lecture: Personal Recollections on a Quarter Centennial', in Progress in Bioengineering edited by J. P. Paul, S. C. Barbarel, G. M. Courteney and R. M. Kenedi (Bristol, Adam Hilger, 1989), pp. 275–280.
   Google Scholar
• See Keith Copeland, 'History of the Biological Engineering Society: part 3 1939-45', Biological Engineering Society Newsletter, summer 1992, and 'part 4 1939–1945 continued', Biological Engineering Society Newsletter, autumn 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Sidney Kirkpatrick, 'A Case Study in Biochemical Engineering', Chemical Engineering, vol. 54 (1947), pp. 94–101.
   Google Scholar
• C. Siisskind, 'The Invention of Computed Tomography', History of Technology, vol. 6 (1981), pp. 39–80.
   Google Scholar
• Robert Bud, 'Biotechnology and the Chemical Engineer: A Case Study in the History of Continuous Brewing', International Industrial Biotechnology, vol. 9 (1989), pp. 17–20.
   Google Scholar
• O. G. Edholm, 'Implications of Physiological Research', in Proceedings of Conference on Ergonomics in Industry 27–29 September 1960 (London, H.M.S.O., 1960), pp. 6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Raymond Ewell, `The Rising Giant: The World Food Problem', in Engineering of Unconventional Protein Production, ed. Herman Bieber, Chemical Engineering Progress, Symposium Series No. 93, vol. 65 (1969), PP– 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• I am grateful to Mr. Keith Copeland for his advice on the origins of the Biological Engineering Society. See also his article '1960 BES 1975', Biomedical Engineering Vol. 10 (1975), pp. 295–9.
   Google Scholar
• I am grateful to Professors Gaden, Hedén and Crook for their information on the origin of Biotechnology and Bioengineering.
   Google Scholar