Treatment of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in dementia: implications of recent safety warnings

References

• Fremont P. Drug use in the elderly. Use of psychotropic drugs in the elderly: overuse or underuse? Presse Med 1999;28:1794–9
   Google Scholar
• Mort JR, Aparasu RR. Prescribing potentially inappropriate psychotropic medications to the ambulatory elderly. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2825–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock R. Some difficulties with using antipsychotics when managing behavioural symptoms in nursing home residents with dementia. Geriatr Med [in press]
   Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos GS, Streim J, Carpenter D, Docherty JP; Expert Consensus Panel for Using Antipsychotic Drugs in Older Patients. Using antipsychotic agents in older patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(Suppl 2):5–99
   Google Scholar
• Bronskill SE, Anderson GM, Sykora K, et al. Neuroleptic drug therapy in older adults newly admitted to nursing homes: incidence, dose, and specialist contact. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:749–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jencks SF, Clauser SB. Managing behavior problems in nursing homes. J Am Med Assoc 1991;265:502–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caligiuri MR, Jeste DV, Lacro JP. Antipsychotic-induced movement disorders in the elderly: epidemiology and treatment recommendations. Drugs Aging 2000;17:363–84
   Google Scholar
• Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM). Atypical antipsychotic drugs and stroke: message from Professor Gordon Duff, Chairman, Committee on Safety of Medicines. Available at CSM website 2004 <http://www.mca.gov.uk/aboutagency/regframework/csm/csmhome.htm>
   Google Scholar
• Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM). Summary of clinical trial data on cerebrovascular adverse events (CVAEs) in randomized clinical trials of risperidone conducted in patients with dementia. Available at CSM website 2004 <http://www.mca.gov.uk/aboutagency/regframework/csm/csmhome.htm>
   Google Scholar
• Anon. New advice issued on risperidone and olanzapine. Medical News Today March 9, 2004. Available at <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/index.php?newsid=>6430
   Google Scholar
• Wooltorton E. Risperidone (Risperdal): increased rate of cerebrovascular events in dementia trials. Can Med Assoc J 2002;167:1269–70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooltorton E. Olanzapine (Zyprexa): increased incidence of cerebrovascular events in dementia trials. Can Med Assoc J 2004;170:1395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timell AM. Thioridazine: re-evaluating the risk/benefit equation. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2000;12:147–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chong SA, Mythily, Mahendran R. Cardiac effects of psychotropic drugs. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2001;30:625–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballard CG, Thomas A, Fossey J, et al. A 3 month randomised placebo controlled neuroleptic discontinuation study in 100 people with dementia: the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Median Cut Off is a predictor of clinical outcome. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:114–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz R, Veste DV, Mintzer JE, et al. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioural disturbance associated with dementia: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:107–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Deyn PP, Rabheru K, Rasmussen A, et al. A randomised trial of risperidone, placebo and haloperidol for behavioural symptoms of dementia. Neurology 1999;53:946–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodaty H, Ames D, Snowdon J, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for the treatment of aggression, agitation and psychosis of dementia. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:134–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marketed Health Products Directorate (MHPD). Updated safety information for Risperdal (risperidone) in elderly dementia patients [announced in Canada. Toronto: October 17, 2002]. Available at <http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpfb-dgpsa/tpd-dpt/risperdal2_e.html>
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2003 safety alert: risperidone (Risperdal) [Dear Healthcare Professional Letter]. April 16, 2003. Available at <http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2003/risperdal.htm>
   Google Scholar
• Alliance for Human Research Protection (AHRP). Risperdal linked to stroke; Zyprexa linked to diabetes. April 11, 2003. Available at <http://www.researchprotection.org/infomail/0403/11.html>
   Google Scholar
• Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Summary of clinical trial data on cerebrovascular adverse events (CVAEs) in randomised clinical trials of risperidone conducted in patients with dementia. March 9, 2004. Available at <http://www.mca.gov.uk/aboutagency/regframework/csm/csmhome.htm>
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2004 safety alert: Zyprexa (olanzapine). Washington: March 1, 2004. Available at <www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2004/zyprexa.htmώ
   Google Scholar
• Street JS, Clark WS, Gannon KS, et al. Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:968–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Deyn PP, Carrasco MM, Deberdt W, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis with or without associated behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19:115–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Working group for the Faculty of Old Age Psychiatry, RCPsych, RCGP, BGS, and Alzheimer’s Society. Guidance for the management of behavioural, and psychiatric symptoms in dementia and the treatment of psychosis in people with history of stroke/TIA: following CSM restriction on risperidone and olanzapine, 2004
   Google Scholar
• European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA). Statement on the public safety of olanzapine. March 9, 2004. Available at <http://www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/human/press/pus/085604en.pdf>
   Google Scholar
• Anon. Spain to clamp down on antipsychotic prescribing. Scrip World Pharmaceutical News 6 October 2004; Issue 2993:5
   Google Scholar
• Herrmann N, Mamdani M, Lanctot KL. Atypical antipsychotics and risk of cerebrovascular accidents. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1113–5
   Google Scholar
• Straus SM, Bleumink GS, Dieleman JP. Antipsychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch Intern Med 2004;164: 1293–7
   Google Scholar
• Yerrabolu M, Prabhudesai S, Tawam M, et al. Effect of risperidone on QT interval and QT dispersion in the elderly. Heart Dis 2000;2:10–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor D. Ziprasidone in the management of schizophrenia: the QT interval issue in context. CNS Drugs 2003;17:423–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green AI, Patel JK, Goisman RM, et al. Weight gain from novel antipsychotic drugs: need for action. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2000;22:224–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison DB, Casey DE. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(Suppl 7):22–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell JM, Mackell JA. Bodyweight gain associated with atypical antipsychotics: epidemiology and therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2001;15:537–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY, Davidson M, Glassman AH, Vieweg WV. Assessing cardiovascular risks versus clinical benefits of atypical antipsychotic drug treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(Suppl 9):25–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enger C, Weatherby L, Reynolds RF, et al. Serious cardiovascular events and mortality among patients with schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2004;192:19–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberty IF, Todder D, Umansky R, Harman-Boehm I. Atypical antipsychotics and diabetes mellitus: an association. Isr Med Assoc J 2004;6:276–9
   Google Scholar
• Casey DE, Haupt DW, Newcomer JW, et al. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: implications for increased mortality in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(Suppl 7):4–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barba R, Martinez-Espinosa S, Rodriguez-Garcia E, et al. Poststroke dementia: clinical features and risk factors. Stroke 2000;31:1494–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Stern Y, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:635–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebenbichler CF, Laimer M, Eder U, et al. Olanzapine induces insulin resistance: results from a prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:1436–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman PD, Hay LK, Deberdt W, et al. Retrospective cohort study of diabetes mellitus and antipsychotic treatment in a geriatric population in the United States. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004;5:38–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almeras N, Despres JP, Villeneuve J, et al. Development of an atherogenic metabolic risk factor profile associated with the use of atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:557–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasrallah HA, Newcomer JW. Atypical antipsychotics and metabolic dysregulation: evaluating the risk/benefit equation and improving the standard of care. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24(Suppl 1):S7–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scremin OU, Jenden DJ. Cholinergic control of cerebral blood flow in stroke, trauma and aging. Life Sci 1996;58:2011–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Togashi H, Kimura S, Matsumoto M, et al. Cholinergic changes in the hippocampus of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 1996;27:520–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bymaster FP, Felder CC, Tzavara E, et al. Muscarinic mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003;27:1125–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller-Clostre F, Dunant Y. Antipsychotic drugs depress acetylcholine release in the Torpedo electric organ, a purely cholinergic system. Eur J Pharmacol 1985;112:27–37
   Google Scholar
• Terry Jr AV, Hill WD, Parikh V, et al. Differential effects of chronic haloperidol and olanzapine exposure on brain cholinergic markers and spatial learning in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;164:360–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai AK. Use of psychopharmacologic agents in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 2003;19:697–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard C, Powell I, James I, et al. Can psychiatric liaison reduce neuroleptic use and reduce health service utilization for dementia patients residing in care facilities. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17:140–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PE, Gill SS, Freedman M, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: systematic review. Br Med J 2004;329:75–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senla TP, Palla K, Poddig B, Brauner D. Effect of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act 1987 on antipsychotic prescribing in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:648–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath AM, Jackson GA. Survey of neuroleptic prescribing in residents of nursing homes in Glasgow. Br Med J 1996;312:611–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JL, Frank JC, Cherry D, et al. Guidelines for managing Alzheimer’s disease: part II. Treatment. Am Fam Physician 2002;65:2525–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey DE. Pathophysiology of antipsychotic drug-induced movement disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(Suppl 9):25–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sable JA, Jeste DV. Pharmacologic management of psychosis in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2003;7:421–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masand PS, Gupta S. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics in the elderly: guidelines for effective use. Drugs Aging 2003;20:1099–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conn DK, Ferguson I, Mandelman K, Ward C. Psychotropic drug utilization in long-term-care facilities for the elderly in Ontario, Canada. Int Psychogeriatr 1999;11:223–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giron MS, Forsell Y, Bernsten C, et al. Psychotropic drug use in elderly people with and without dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16:900–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel SI. Effects of rivastigmine on aspects of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Ther 2004:26;980–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert P. Understanding and managing behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias: focus on rivastigmine. Curr Med Res Opin 2002;18:156–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler M. The efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in treating the behavioural symptoms of dementia. Int J Clin Pract 2002;(Suppl 127):20–36
   Google Scholar
• Cummings JL, Donohue JA, Brooks RL. The relationship between donepezil and behavioural disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;8:134–40
   Google Scholar
• Weiner MF, Martin-Cook K, Foster BM, et al. Effects of donepezil on emotional/behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:487–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JL, Katz IR, Tariot P, et al. Donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in a nursing home population. Poster presented at the 51st annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 17–24 April 1999
   Google Scholar
• Tariot PN, Cummings JL, Katz IR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease in the nursing home setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:1590–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, et al. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 2001;57:613–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black S, Roman GC, Geldmacher DS, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 2003;34:2323–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson D, Doody R, Helme R, et al. Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2003;61:479–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tariot PN, Solomon PR, Morris JC, et al. A 5-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. Neurology 2000;54:2269–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, et al. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1283–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretti R, Torr P, Antonello RM, Cazzaro G. Rivastigmine in vascular dementia. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2004;5:1399–410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler M, Retz W, Retz-Jumpinger P, et al. Effects of two-year treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine on behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Neurol 1998;11:211–16
   Google Scholar
• Bullock R, Moulias R, Steinwachs K-C, et al. Effects of rivastigmine treatment on behavioural symptoms in nursing home patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 2000;13(Suppl 2):P–248
   Google Scholar
• Cummings J, Anand R, Koumaras B, Hartman R. Behavioural benefits in Alzheimer’s disease patients residing in a nursing home following 52 weeks of treatment with rivastigmine. Poster presented at the 153rd annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Chicago IL, USA, 13–18 May 2000
   Google Scholar
• McKeith I, Del Ser T, Spano PF, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet 2000;356:2031–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, et al. Rivastigmine in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Poster presented at The Movement Disorder Society’s 8th international congress of Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders, Rome, Italy, 13–17 June 2004
   Google Scholar
• Kaufer DI. Pharmacologic therapy of dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002;15:224–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters EC, Berendse HW. Management of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2001;14:499–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders J, Newby VJ, Richardson JP, et al. Donepezil in dementia with Lewy bodies: treatment and withdrawal. Int Psychogeriatr 2001;13(Suppl 2):P–123
   Google Scholar
• Shea C, MacKnight C, Rockwood K. Donepezil for the treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies: a case series of nine patients. Int J Psychogeriatr 1998;10:229–38
   Google Scholar
• Bergman J, Lerner V. Successful use of donepezil for the treatment of psychotic symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002;25:107–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards KR, Hershey L, Wray L, et al. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: a 12-week interim analysis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2004;17(Suppl 1):40–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aarsland D, Hutchinson M, Larsen JP. Cognitive, psychiatric and motor response to galantamine in Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003;18:937–41
   Google Scholar
• Losev NA, Kamenetskii VK. Method of treating Parkinsonism with metamizil in combination with galanthamine (clinico-experimental basis). Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1985;85:376–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeith IG, Wesnes KA, Perry E, Ferrara R. Hallucinations predict attentional improvements with rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2004;18:94–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander E, Mohs RC, Davis KL. Antemortem markers of Alzheimer‘s disease. Neurobiol Aging 1986;7:367–407
   Google Scholar
• Verny M, Fremont P, Bourrin JC, et al. Reduced psychotropic drug use in patients with Alzheimer’s disease receiving rivastigmine: results of the EXELAN study. J Drug Assess 2004;34:1–9
   Google Scholar
• Bullock R, Hammond G. Realistic expectations: the management of severe Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2003;17(Suppl 3):S80–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kane JM, Leucht S, Carpenter D, Docherty JP. Expert consensus guideline series. Optimizing pharmacologic treatment of psychotic disorders. Introduction: methods, commentary, and summary. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(Suppl 12):5–19
   Google Scholar