References
- National Institutes of Health, NHLBI. Morbidity and mortality: 2004 chart book on cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases. Available from URL: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/cht-book.htm [accessed November 2004]
- Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CPW, Hershfield ES, Harding GKM, Nelson NA. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:196–204
- Sethi S. Infectious etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 2000;117:380S–385S
- Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, Bestall JC, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1418–22
- Doll H, Grey-Amante P, Duprat-Lomon I, et al. Quality of life in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: results from a German population study. Respir Med 2002;96:39–51
- McCrory DC, Brown C, Gelfand SE, Bach PB. Management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Chest 2001;119:1190–209
- Grossman RF. Guidelines for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 1997;112\(Suppl 6):310S–313S
- Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E, Grady D. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 1995;273:957–60
- Chodosh S. Bronchitis and asthma. In: Gorbach SL, Bartlett JL, Blacklow NR, editors. Infectious diseases. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders Co; 1992. p. 476–85
- Niederman MS. Antibiotic therapy of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Semin Resp Infect 2000;15:59–70
- Lorenz J. Comparison of 5-day and 10-day cefixime in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Chemotherapy 1998;44(Suppl 1):15–8
- Langan C, Clecner B, Cazzola CM, Brambilla C, Holmes CY, Staley H. Short-course cefuroxime axetil therapy in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Int J Clin Prac 1998;52:289–97
- McCarty JM, Pierce PF. Five days of cefprozil versus 10 days of clarithromycin in the treatment of an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;87:327–34
- Schaberg T, Ballin I, Huchon G, Bassaris H, Hampel B, Reimnitz P, The Bronchitis Study Group. A multinational, multicentre, non-blinded, randomized study of moxifloxacin oral tablets compared with co-amoxiclav oral tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. J Intern Med Res 2001;29:314–28
- Chodosh S, DeAbate CA, Haverstock D, Aneiro L, Church D, The Bronchitis Study Group. Short-course moxifloxacin therapy for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Respir Med 2000;94:18–27
- DeAbate CA, Mathew CP, Warner JH, Heyd A, Church D. The safety and efficacy of short course (5-day) moxifloxacin vs. azithromycin in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Respir Med 2000;94: 1029–37
- Paster RZ, McAdoo MA, Keyserling CH, Nemeth MA, Tack KJ, Griffin TJ. A comparison of a five-day regimen of cefdinir with a seven-day regimen of loracarbef for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Int J Cln Prac 2000;54:293–9
- File T, Schlemmer B, Garau J, Lode H, Lynch S, Young C. Gemifloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis [The 070 Clinical Study group]. J Chemother 2002;12:314–25
- Masterton RG, Burley CJ. Randomized, double-blind study comparing 5- and 7-day regimens of oral levofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;18:503–12
- Fogarty CM, Bettis RB, Griffin TJ, Keyserling CH, Nemeth MA, Tack KJ. Comparison of a 5-day regimen of cefdinir with a 10-day regimen of cefprozil for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:851–8
- Wilson R, Schentag JJ, Ball P, Mandell L, 068 Study Group. A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes. Clin Ther 2002;24:639–52
- Langan CE, Zuck P, Vogel F, et al. Randomized, double-blind study of short-course (5 day) grepafloxacin versus 10 day clarithromycin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:515–23
- Nalepa P, Dobryniewska M, Busman T, Notario G. Short-course therapy of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter comparison of extended-release versus immediate-release clarithromycin. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:411–20
- Guillemot D, Carbon C, Balkau B, et al. Low dosage and long treatment duration of beta-lactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Am Med Assoc 1998;279:365–70
- Reyes H, Guiscafre H, Munoz O, Perez-Cuevas R, Martinez H, Gutierrez G. Antibiotic noncompliance and waste in upper respiratory tract infections and acute diarrhea. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:1297–304
- Weiss K, Vanjaka A, Canadian Study Group on Bronchitis. An open-label, randomized, multicenter, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of 7 days of treatment with clarithromycin extended-release tablets versus clarithromycin immediate-release tablets for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Clin Ther 2002;24: 2105–22
- Peters DH, Clissold SP. Clarithromycin. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. Drugs 1992;44:117–64
- Guay DRP, Gustavson LE, Devcich KJ, Zhang J, Cao G, Olson CA. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of extended-release clarithromycin. Clin Ther 2001;23:566–77
- Adler JL, Jannetti W, Schneider D, Zhang J, Palmer R, Notario G. Phase III, randomized, double-blind study of clarithromycin extended-release and immediate-release formulations in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Clin Ther 2000;22:1410–20
- Adam D, Glaser-Caldow E, Wachter J, et al. Comparative efficacy of clarithromycin modified-release and clarithromycin immediate-release formulations in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Ther 2001;23:585–95
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, 5th ed. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M7-A5 and 10th Informational Supplement: M100-S10 (M7); 2000
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests, 7th ed. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M2-A7 and 10th Informational Supplement: M100-S10 (M2); 2000
- Reynolds HY. Chronic bronchitis and acute infectious exacerbations. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolan R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 5th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000:706–10
- Chodosh S, Schreurs A, Siami G, et al.; the Bronchitis Study Group. Efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin vs. clarithromycin for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:730–8
- Ziering W, McElvaine P. Randomized comparison of once-daily ceftibuten and twice-daily clarithromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Infection 1998;26:68–75
- DeAbate CA, Myers D, Henry D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily grepafloxacin compared with clarithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clin Drug Invest 1999;17:21–31
- Langan CE, Zuck P, Vogel F, et al. Randomized, double-blind study of short-course (5 day) grepafloxacin versus 10 day clarithromycin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:515–23
- Wilson R, Kubin R, Ballin I, et al. Five day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7 day clarithromycin therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:501–13
- Lipsky BA, Unowsky J, Zhang H, Townsend L, Talbot GH. Treating acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in patients unresponsive to previous therapy: sparfloxacin versus clarithromycin. Clin Ther 1999;21:954–65
- Allin D, James I, Zachariah J, et al. Comparison of once- and twice-daily clarithromycin in the treatment of adults with severe acute lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Ther 2001;23:1958–68
- Anzueto A, Fisher CL, Busman T, Olson CA. Comparison of the efficacy of extended-release clarithromycin tablets and amoxicillin/clavulanate tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Clin Ther 2001;23:72–86
- Gotfried MH, DeAbate CA, Fogarty C, Mathew CP, Sokol WN. Comparison of 5-day, short-course gatifloxacin therapy with 7-day gatifloxacin therapy and 10-day clarithromycin therapy for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Clin Ther 2001;23: 97–107
- Martinot JB, Carr WD, Cullen S, et al.; The Clarithromycin Once-a-Day Study Group. A comparative study of clarithromycin modified release and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Adv Ther 2001;18:1–11
- Anzueto A, Norris S. Clarithromycin in 2003: sustained efficacy and safety in an era of rising antibiotic resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004;24:1–17