References
- National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center Web site. Available from http://www.osteo.org/newfile.asp?doc=fast&doctitle=Fast+Facts+on+Osteoporosis&doctype=HTML+Fact+Sheet [Last accessed 24 May 2006]
- Melton LJ, Gabriel SE, Crowson CS, et al. Cost equivalence of different osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis Int 2003;14:383–8
- Miller PD, Schnitzer T, Emkey R, et al. Weekly dosed alendronate in male osteoporosis. Clinical Drug Investigation 2004;24:333–41
- Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer J-P, et al., for the Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group. Ten years’ experience with alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004;350:11–21
- Schnitzer TJ. Update on alendronate for osteoporosis: once-weekly dosing. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001;2:1461–72
- Wasnich RD, Bagger YZ, Hosking DJ, et al., for the Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort Study Group. Changes in bone density and turnover after alendronate or estrogen withdrawal. Menopause 2004;11:622–30
- United States Food and Drug Administration. Reference daily intakes, recommended dietary allowances. Available from http://www.fda.gov/fdac/special/foodlabel/dvs.html [Last accessed 24 May 2006]
- Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine. Vitamin D. In: Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1997 pp.250–87
- Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone 2002; 30:771–7
- Gaugris S, Heaney RP, Boonen S, et al. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among post-menopausal women – a systematic review of literature. Q J Med 2005;98:667–76
- Holick MF, Siris ES, Binkley N, et al. Prevalence of Vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal North American women receiving osteoporosis therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3215–24
- Lips P, Duong T, Oleksik A, et al. A global study of vitamin D status and parathyroid function in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: baseline data from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1212–21
- Hirani V, Primatesta P. Vitamin D concentrations among people aged 65 years and over living in private households and institutions in England: population survey. Age Aging 2005;34:485–91
- Gallacher SJ, McQuillian C, Harkness M, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in Scottish adults with non-vertebral fragility fractures. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:1355–61
- Simonelli C, Weiss TW, Morancy J, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in a minimal trauma fracture population. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:1069–74
- Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2001;22:477–501
- Armas LAG, Hollis BW, Heaney RP. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89: 5387–91
- Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1678S–88
- Brazier M, Kamel S, Maamer M, et al. The markers of bone remodeling in the elderly subjects: effects of vitamin D insufficiency and its correction. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10: 1753–61
- Kinyamu HK, Gallagher JC, Balhorn KE, et al. Serum vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption in normal young and elderly free-living women and in women living in nursing homes. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:790–7
- LeBoff MS, Kohlmeier L, Hurwitz S, et al. Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture. JAMA 1999;281:1505–11
- Bischoff HA, Stahelin HB, Urscheler N, et al. Muscle strength in the elderly: its relation to vitamin D metabolites. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:54–8
- Youm T, Koval KJ, Kummer FJ, et al. Do all hip fractures result from a fall? Am J Orthop 1999;28:190–4
- Stein MS, Scherer SC, Walton SL, et al. Risk factors for secondary hyperparathyroidism in a nursing home population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996;44:375–83
- Omdahl JL, Garry PJ, Hunsaker LA, et al. Nutritional status in a healthy elderly population: vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36:1225–33
- Goldray D, Mizrahi-Sasson E, Merdler C, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in elderly patients in a general hospital. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:589–92
- Gloth FM 3rd, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA 1995;274: 1683–6
- Reginster J-Y. The high prevalence of inadequate serum vitamin D levels and implications for bone health. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:579–85
- Rapuri PB, Kinyamu HK, Gallagher JC, et al. Seasonal changes in calciotropic hormones, bone markers, and bone mineral density in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87: 2024–32
- Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Vitamin D supplementation in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60:754–9
- Jacobus CH, Holick MF, Shao Q, et al. Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk. N Engl J Med 1992;326: 1173–7
- Malabanan A, Veronikis IE, Holick MF. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet 1998;351:805–6
- Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73: 288–94
- Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann Int Med 1991;115: 505–12
- Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 1997;337: 670–6
- Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, et al. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation. A meta- analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005;293: 2257–64
- Bischoff HA, Stahelin HB, Dick W, et al. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:343–51
- Segal E, Zinnman H, Raz B, et al. Adherence to vitamin D supplementation in elderly patients after hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;52:474–5
- Dunnigan MG, Fraser SA, McIntosh WB, et al. The prevention of vitamin D deficiency in the elderly. Scott Med J 1986;31: 144–9