411
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Undertreatment of menopausal symptoms and novel options for comprehensive management

Pages 2689-2698 | Accepted 07 Aug 2009, Published online: 23 Sep 2009

References

  • National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference statement: management of menopause-related symptoms. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:1003-13
  • Hill K. The demography of menopause. Maturitas 1996;23:113-27
  • Ford K, Sowers M, Crutchfield M, et al. A longitudinal study of the predictors of prevalence and severity of symptoms commonly associated with menopause. Menopause 2005;12:308-17
  • Samsioe G. Urogenital aging—a hidden problem. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:S245-S249
  • Fugate Woods N, Sullivan Mitchell E. Symptoms during the perimenopause: prevalence, severity, trajectory, and significance in women's lives. Am J Med 2005;118:14S-24S
  • North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: 2006 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2006;13:340-67
  • Looker AC, Orwoll ES, Johnston CC Jr, et al. Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHANES III. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12:1761-8
  • Hersh AL, Stefanick ML, Stafford RS. National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to recent evidence. JAMA 2004;291:47-53
  • Utian WH. Psychosocial and socioeconomic burden of vasomotor symptoms in menopause: a comprehensive review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2005;3:47
  • Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, et al. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:351-8
  • Whiteman MK, Staropoli CA, Langenberg PW, et al. Smoking, body mass, and hot flashes in midlife women. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:264-72
  • The 2002 Gallup study of consumers’ and physicians’ changing HRT concerns. Qualitative Phase I & II. Princeton, NJ: Multi-Sponsor Surveys, Inc., 2002
  • Gold EB, Sternfeld B, Kelsey JL, et al. Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi-racial/ethnic population of women 40–55 years of age. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:463-73
  • Johnell O, Kanis JA. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 2006;17:1726-33
  • Silverman SL, Minshall ME, Shen W, et al. The relationship of health-related quality of life to prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Study. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2611-19
  • Bobula JD. Vasomotor symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in postmenopausal women. Value Health 2003;6:707
  • Twiss JJ, Wegner J, Hunter M, et al. Perimenopausal symptoms, quality of life, and health behaviors in users and nonusers of hormone therapy. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2007;19:602-13
  • Gold DT. The nonskeletal consequences of osteoporotic fractures. Psychologic and social outcomes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001;27:255-62
  • Kjerulff KH, Frick KD, Rhoades JA, et al. The cost of being a woman: a national study of health care utilization and expenditures for female-specific conditions. Womens Health Issues 2007;17:13-21
  • Hoerger TJ, Downs KE, Lakshmanan MC, et al. Healthcare use among U.S. women aged 45 and older: total costs and costs for selected postmenopausal health risks. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 1999;8:1077-89
  • Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-33
  • Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1701-12
  • Grady D, Sawaya GF. Discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy. Am J Med 2005;118:163-5
  • North American Menopause Society. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: July 2008 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2008;15:584-602
  • Stephenson J. FDA orders estrogen safety warnings: agency offers guidance for HRT use. JAMA 2003;289:537-8
  • Grady D. Clinical practice. Management of menopausal symptoms. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2338-47
  • Klaiber EL, Vogel W, Rako S. A critique of the Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy study. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1589-601
  • Hing E, Brett KM. Changes in U.S. prescribing patterns of menopausal hormone therapy, 2001–2003. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:33-40
  • Rolnick SJ, Jackson J, Kopher R, et al. Provider management of menopause after the findings of the Women's Health Initiative. Menopause 2007;14:441-9
  • Ghali WA, Freund KM, Boss RD, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy: physician awareness of patient attitudes. Am J Med 1997;103:3-10
  • Schonberg MA, Wee CC. Menopausal symptom management and prevention counseling after the Women's Health Initiative among women seen in an internal medicine practice. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005;14:507-14
  • French LM, Smith MA, Holtrop JS, et al. Hormone therapy after the Women's Health Initiative: a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract 2006;7:61
  • van de Weijer PH, Mattsson LA, Ylikorkala O. Benefits and risks of long-term low-dose oral continuous combined hormone therapy. Maturitas 2007;56:231-48
  • Utian WH, Shoupe D, Bachmann G, et al. Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2001;75:1065-79
  • Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kleerekoper M, et al. Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA 2002;287:2668-76
  • Archer DF, Dorin M, Lewis V, et al. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on endometrial bleeding. Fertil Steril 2001;75:1080-7
  • Pickar JH, Yeh IT, Wheeler JE, et al. Endometrial effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate: two-year substudy results. Fertil Steril 2003;80:1234-40
  • Gambacciani M, Spielmann D, Genazzani AR. Efficacy on climacteric symptoms of a continuous combined regimen of 1 mg 17β-estradiol and trimegestone versus two regimens combining 1 or 2 mg 17β-estradiol and norethisterone acetate. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;21:65-73
  • Koninckx PR, Spielmann D. A comparative 2-year study of the effects of sequential regimens of 1 mg 17β-estradiol and trimegestone with a regimen containing estradiol valerate and norethisterone on the bleeding profile and endometrial safety in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;21:82-9
  • Pornel B, Spielmann D. A study of the control of climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women following sequential regimens of 1 mg 17β-estradiol and trimegestone compared with a regimen containing 1 mg estradiol valerate and norethisterone over a 2-year period. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;21:74-81
  • Archer DF. Drospirenone and estradiol: a new option for the postmenopausal woman. Climacteric 2007;10:3-10
  • Whitehead M. Hormone replacement therapy with estradiol and drospirenone: an overview of the clinical data. J Br Menopause Soc 2006;12:4-7
  • Greenwald MW, Gluck OS, Lang E, Rakov V. Oral hormone therapy with 17β-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combination with norethindrone acetate in the prevention of bone loss in early postmenopausal women: dose-dependent effects. Menopause 2005;12:741-8
  • Rowan JP, Simon JA, Speroff L, et al. Effects of low-dose norethindrone acetate plus ethinyl estradiol (0.5 mg/2.5 µg) in women with postmenopausal symptoms: updated analysis of three randomized, controlled trials. Clin Ther 2006;28:921-32
  • Franke HR, Snaaijer FF, Houben PW, et al. Treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding in the perimenopause: the effects of adding combined estradiol/norethisterone acetate therapy to goserelin acetate treatment – a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006;22:692-7
  • Adler G, Young D, Galant R, et al. A multicenter, open-label study to evaluate satisfaction and menopausal quality of life in women using transdermal estradiol/norethindrone acetate therapy for the management of menopausal signs and symptoms. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2005;59:212-19
  • Tice JA, Grady D. Alternatives to estrogen for treatment of hot flashes: are they effective and safe?. JAMA 2006;295:2076-8
  • North American Menopause Society. Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2004;11:11-33
  • North American Menopause Society. Estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women: March 2007 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2007;14:1-17
  • North American Menopause Society. The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2007;14:357-69
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Women's Health Care Physicians. Executive summary. Hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:1S-4S
  • Gelfand MM, Moreau M, Ayotte NJ, et al. Clinical assessment and quality of life of postmenopausal women treated with a new intermittent progestogen combination hormone replacement therapy: a placebo-controlled study. Menopause 2003;10:29-36
  • Corson SL, Richart RM, Caubel P, Lim P. Effect of a unique constant-estrogen, pulsed-progestin hormone replacement therapy containing 17β-estradiol and norgestimate on endometrial histology. Int J Fertil Womens Med 1999;44:279-85
  • Rozenberg S, Caubel P, Lim PC. Constant estrogen, intermittent progestogen vs. continuous combined hormone replacement therapy: tolerability and effect on vasomotor symptoms. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2001;72:235-43
  • Sulak PJ, Caubel P, Lane R. Efficacy and safety of a constant-estrogen, pulsed-progestin regimen in hormone replacement therapy. Int J Fertil Womens Med 1999;44:286-96
  • Arrenbrecht S, Caubel P, Garnero P, et al. The effect of continuous oestradiol with intermittent norgestimate on bone mineral density and bone turnover in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 2004;48:197-207
  • Al-Baghdadi O, Ewies AA. Topical estrogen therapy in the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy: an up-to-date overview. Climacteric 2009;12:91-105
  • Samsioe G, Boschitsch E, Concin H, et al. Endometrial safety, overall safety and tolerability of transdermal continuous combined hormone replacement therapy over 96 weeks: a randomized open-label study. Climacteric 2006;9:368-79
  • Bachmann GA, Schaefers M, Uddin A, et al. Lowest effective transdermal 17β-estradiol dose for relief of hot flushes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:771-9
  • Shulman LP, Yankov V, Uhl K. Safety and efficacy of a continuous once-a-week 17β-estradiol/levonorgestrel transdermal system and its effects on vasomotor symptoms and endometrial safety in postmenopausal women: the results of two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trials. Menopause 2002;9:195-207
  • Al-Azzawi F, Buckler HM. Comparison of a novel vaginal ring delivering estradiol acetate versus oral estradiol for relief of vasomotor menopausal symptoms. Climacteric 2003;6:118-27
  • Simon JA, Bouchard C, Waldbaum A, et al. Low dose of transdermal estradiol gel for treatment of symptomatic postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:588-96
  • Delmas PD, Ensrud KE, Adachi JD, et al. Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: four-year results from a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:3609-17
  • Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1999;282:637-45
  • Seeman E, Crans GG, Diez-Perez A, et al. Anti-vertebral fracture efficacy of raloxifene: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2006;17:313-16
  • Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1641-7
  • Swanson SG, Drosman S, Helmond FA, et al. Tibolone for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and genital atrophy in postmenopausal women: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Menopause 2006;13:917-25
  • Howes LG, Howes JB, Knight DC. Isoflavone therapy for menopausal flushes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2006;55:203-11
  • Suckling J, Lethaby A, Kennedy R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;CD001500
  • McDonnell DP. The molecular pharmacology of SERMs. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1999;10:301-11
  • Hall JM, McDonnell DP. The estrogen receptor beta-isoform (ERbeta) of the human estrogen receptor modulates ERalpha transcriptional activity and is a key regulator of the cellular response to estrogens and antiestrogens. Endocrinology 1999;140:5566-78
  • Shelly W, Draper MW, Krishnan V, et al. Selective estrogen receptor modulators: an update on recent clinical findings. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2008;63:163-81
  • Bushardt RL, Turner JL, Ragucci KR, Askins DG Jr. Non-estrogen treatments for osteoporosis: an evidence-based review. JAAPA 2006;19:25-30
  • Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA 2006;295:2727-41
  • Gold DT, Silverman SL. Do estrogen or selective estrogen receptor modulators improve quality of life for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis?. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2007;5:3-7
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. SOGC clinical practice guidelines. The detection and management of vaginal atrophy. Number 145, May 2004. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005;88:222-8
  • Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kagan R, et al. Efficacy of tissue-selective estrogen complex of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens for osteoporosis prevention in at-risk postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1045–52.
  • Lobo RA, Pinkerton JV, Gass MLS, et al. Evaluation of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and effects on metabolic parameters and overall safety profile. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1025–38.
  • Pinkerton JV, Utian WH, Constantine GD, et al. Relief of vasomotor symptoms with the tissue-selective estrogen complex containing bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens: a randomized, controlled trial [published online ahead of print June 10, 2009]. Menopause. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181a7df0d
  • Pickar JH, Yeh I-T, Bachmann G, Speroff L. Endometrial effects of a tissue selective estrogen complex containing bazedoxifene/conguated estrogens as a menopausal therapy. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1018-24.
  • Archer DF, Lewis V, Carr BR, et al. Bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens (BZA/CE): incidence of uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1039-44.
  • Cvoro A, Paruthiyil S, Jones JO, et al. Selective activation of estrogen receptor-beta transcriptional pathways by an herbal extract. Endocrinology 2007;148:538-47
  • Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E, et al. Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2006;295:2057-71
  • Speroff L, Gass M, Constantine G, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of desvenlafaxine succinate treatment for menopausal vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:77-87
  • Kharode Y, Bodine PV, Miller CP, et al. The pairing of a selective estrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, with conjugated estrogens as a new paradigm for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis prevention. Endocrinology 2008;149:6084-91
  • Komm BS. A new approach to menopausal therapy: the tissue selective estrogen complex. Reprod Sci 2008;15:984-92
  • Komm BS, Kharode YP, Bodine PV, et al. Bazedoxifene acetate: a selective estrogen receptor modulator with improved selectivity. Endocrinology 2005;146:3999-4008
  • Komm BS, Lyttle CR. Developing a SERM: stringent preclinical selection criteria leading to an acceptable candidate (WAY-140424) for clinical evaluation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;949:317-26
  • Miller PD, Chines AA, Christiansen C, et al. Effects of bazedoxifene on BMD and bone turnover in postmenopausal women: 2-yr results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-, and active-controlled study. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:525-35
  • Pinkerton JV, Archer DF, Utian WH, et al. Bazedoxifene effects on the reproductive tract in postmenopausal women at risk for osteoporosis [published online ahead of print June 10, 2009]. Menopause. doi:10.1097/gme.0b012e3181a816be
  • Silverman SL, Christiansen C, Genant HK, et al. Efficacy of bazedoxifene in reducing new vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a 3-year, randomized, placebo- and active-controlled clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:1923-34
  • HRT: what are women (and their doctors) to do? Lancet 2004;364:2069-70
  • Rolnick SJ, Kopher RA, DeFor TA, et al. Hormone use and patient concerns after the findings of the Women's Health Initiative. Menopause 2005;12:399-404
  • Singh B, Liu XD, Der-Martirosian C, et al. A national probability survey of American Medical Association gynecologists and primary care physicians concerning menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:693-700

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.