Could FEV₁ decline have a role in daily clinical practice for asthma monitoring?

References

• Connolly CK, Prescott RJ. The Darlington and Northallerton long term asthma study: pulmonary function. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2005;5:2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lange P, Parner J, Vesto J, et al. A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1194-200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James AL, Palmer LJ, Kicic E, et al. Decline in lung function in the Busselton Health Study: the effects of asthma and cigarette smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:109-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KupczyK M, Kupryś I, Górski P, et al. Long-term deterioration of lung function in asthmatic outpatients. Respiration 2004;71:233-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James AL, Wenzel S. Clinical relevance of airway remodeling in airway diseases. Eur Respir J 2007;30:134-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (GINA) 2011. Available at: www.ginasthma.org [Last accessed date 10 June 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman P, Yates SW, Welk K. Pulmonary remodeling in asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2001;11:220-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergeron C, Tulic MK, Hamid Q. Airway remodeling in asthma: from benchside to clinical practice. Can Respir J 2010;17:e85-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grainge CL, Lau LC, Ward JA, et al. Effect of bronchoconstriction on airway remodeling in asthma. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2006-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holgate ST. The airway epithelium is central to the pathogenesis of asthma. Allergol Int 2008;57:1-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The airway epithelium. Nat Med 2012;18:684-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Muhsen S, Johnson JR, Hamid Q. Remodeling in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:451-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covar RA, Spahn JD, Murphy JR, et al. Progression of asthma measured by lung function in the childhood asthma management program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:234-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen F, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, et al. Risk factors for airway remodeling in asthma manifested by a low postbronchodilator FEV1/vital capacity ratio: a longitudinal population study from childhood to adulthood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:1480-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly MM, O’Connor TM, Leigh R, et al. Effects of budesonide and formoterol on allergen-induced airway responses, inflammation, and airway remodeling in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:349-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshino M, Ohtawa J. Effects of budesonide/formoterol combination therapy versus budesonide alone on airway dimensions in asthma. Respirology 2012;17:639-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshino M, Ohtawa J. Effects of adding omalizumab, an anti-immunoglobulin E antibody, on airway wall thickening in asthma. Respiration 2012;83:520-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccio AM, Dal Negro RW, Micheletto C, et al. Omalizumab modulates bronchial reticular basement membrane thickness and eosinophil infiltration in severe persistent allergic asthma patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012;25:475-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse WW, Pedersen S, Pauwels RA, et al. The inhaled steroid treatment as regular therapy in early asthma (START) study 5-year follow-up: effectiveness of early intervention with budesonide in mild persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121:1167-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dompeling E, van Schayck CP, Molema J, et al. Inhaled beclomethasone improves the course of asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J 1992;5:945-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange P, Scharling H, Ulrik CS, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and decline of lung function in community residents with asthma. Thorax 2006;61:100-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dompeling E, van Schayck CP, van Grunsen PM, et al. Slowing the deterioration of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease observed during bronchodilator therapy by adding inhaled corticosteroids. A 4-year prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:770-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Byrne PM, Lamm CJ, Busse WW, et al; START Investigators Group. The effects of inhaled budesonide on lung function in smokers and non-smokers with mild persistent asthma. Chest 2009;136:1514-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Busse WW, et al; START Investigators Group. Effects of early intervention with inhaled budesonide on lung function in newly diagnosed asthma. Chest 2006;129:1478-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss ST, O’Connor GT, De Molles D, et al. Indoor allergens and longitudinal FEV1 decline in older adults: the Normative Aging Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:720-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anees W, Moore VC, Burge PS. FEV1 decline in occupational asthma. Thorax 2006;61:751-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giampaolo L, Cavallucci E, Braga M, et al. The persistence of allergen exposure favors pulmonary function decline in workers with allergic occupational asthma. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012;85:181-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giampaolo L, Quecchia C, Schiavone C, et al. Environmental pollution and asthma. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011;24:31-8S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amato G, Baena-Cagnani CE, Cecchi L, et al. Climate change, air pollution and extreme events leading to increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory disease. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 2013;8:12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Lamm CJ, et al. Severe exacerbations and decline in lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:19-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai TR, Vonk JM, Postma DS, et al. Severe exacerbations predict excess lung function decline in asthma. Eur Respir J 2007;30:452-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakir J, Laviolette M, Boutet M, et al. Lower airways remodeling in nonasthmatic subjects with allergic rhinitis. Lab Invest 1996;75:735-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanese M, Crimi E, Scordamaglia A, et al. On the functional consequences of bronchial basement membrane thickening. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:1035-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crimi E, Milanese M, Oddera S, et al. Inflammatory and mechanical factors of allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in mild asthma and rhinitis. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:1029-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamaria F, Montella S, Greco L, et al. Obesity duration is associated to pulmonary function impairment in obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:1623-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcon A, Corsico A, Cazzoletti L, et al; Therapy and Health Economics Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Body mass index, weight gain, and other determinants of lung function decline in adult asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123:1069-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuther DA, Weiss ST, Sutherland ER. Obesity and Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:112-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shore SA. Obesity, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. J Appl Physiol 2010;108:735-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood LG, Garg ML, Gibson PG. A high-fat challenge increases airway inflammation and impairs bronchodilator recovery in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:1133-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadeem A, Masood A, Siddiqui N. Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in asthma: scientific evidence, epidemiological data and possible therapeutic options. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2008;2:215-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nadeem A, Chhabra SK, Masood A, Raj HG. Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:72-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood LG, Garg ML, Smart JM, et al. Manipulating antioxidant intake in asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:534-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros R, Moreira A, Fonseca J, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and fresh fruit intake are associated with improved asthma control. Allergy 2008;63:917-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzi L, Apostolaki G, Bibakis I, et al. Protective effect of fruits, vegetables and the Mediterranean diet on asthma and allergies among children in Crete. Thorax 2007;62:677-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel G, Weinmayr G, Kleiner A, et al; ISAAC Phase Two Study Group. Effect of diet on asthma and allergic sensitization in the International Study on Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC) phase two. Thorax 2010;65:516-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul G, Brehm JM, Alcorn JF, et al. Vitamin D and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:124-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li F, Peng M, Jiang L, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with decreased lung function in Chinese adults with asthma. Respiration 2011;81:469-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland ER, Goleva E, Jackson LP, et al. Vitamin D levels, lung function, and steroid response in adult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:699-704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AC, Tantisira K, Li L, et al; Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Effect of vitamin D and inhaled corticosteroid treatment on lung function in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;186:508-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Sjoukes A, Richards D, et al. Relationship between serum vitamin D, disease severity and airway remodeling in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;184:1342-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira RP, Claudino RC, Duarte AC, et al. Aerobic exercise decreases chronic allergic lung inflammation and airway remodeling in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176:871-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva RA, Vieira RP, Duarte AC, et al. Aerobic training reverses airway inflammation and remodeling in an asthma murine model. Eur Respir J 2010;35:994-1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes FA, Almeida FM, Cukier A, et al. Effects of aerobic training on airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:197-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong PA, Müller NL, Paré PD, et al. Computed tomographic imaging of the airways: relationship to structure and function. Eur Respir J 2005;26:140-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergeron C, Tulic MK, Hamid Q. Tools used to measure airway remodeling in research. Eur Respir J 2007;29:596-604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosciuch J, Krenke R, Gorska K, et al. Comparison of airway wall remodeling in asthma and COPD: biopsy findings. Respir Care 2012;57:557-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohansal R, Martinez-Camblor P, Agustí A, et al. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction revisited: an analysis of the Framingham offspring cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:3-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuko H, Sakamoto T, Kaneko Y, et al. Lower FEV1 in non-COPD, nonasthmatic subjects: association with smoking, annual decline in FEV1, total IgE levels, and TSLP genotypes smokers. Int J COPD 2011;6:181-9
   Google Scholar
• Kalhan R, Arynchyn A, Colangelo LA, et al. Lung function in young adults predicts airflow obstruction 20 years later. Am J Med 2010;123:468.e1-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Kurzius-Spencer M, et al. The course of persistent airflow limitation in subjects with and without asthma. Respir Med 2008;102:1473-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra S, Martinez FD. Epidemiology of the origins of airflow limitation in asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009;6:707-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy ML, Quanjer PH, Booker R, et al; General Practice Airways Group. Diagnostic spirometry in primary care. Proposed standards for general practice compliant with American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society recommendations. A General Practice Airways Group (GPIAG) document, in association with Association for Respiratory Technology and Physiology (ARTP) and Education for Health. Prim Care Respir J 2009;18:130-47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy ML, Quanjer PH, Booker R, et al. Standards for diagnostic spirometry within session repeatability in primary care. Prim Care Respir J 2012;21:252-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sposato B, Scalese M, Pammolli A, et al. Season can influence the results of the methacholine challenge test. Ann Thorac Med 2012;7:61-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sposato B, Scalese M, Pammolli A et al. Influence of outdoor temperature and humidity on the methacholine challenge test. Aerobiologia 2012;29:187-200
   Google Scholar
• Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005;26:319-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadick NA, Sparrow D, O’Connor GT, et al. Relationship of serum IgE concentration to level and rate of decline of pulmonary function: the Normative Aging Study. Thorax 1996;51:787-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contoli M, Baraldo S, Marku B, et al. Fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 5-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:830-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrik CS, Lange P. Decline of lung function in adults with bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:629-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows B, Lebowitz MD, Barbee RA, et al. Findings prior to diagnoses of asthma among the elderly in a longitudinal study of the general population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;88:870-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibella F, Cuttitta G, Bellia V, et al. Lung function decline in bronchial asthma. Chest 2002;122:1944-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan DP, Butland BK, Anderson HR. Incidence and prognosis of asthma and wheezing illness from early childhood to age 33 in a national British cohort. BMJ 1996;312:1195-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendrick AH, Higgs CM, Whitfield MJ, et al. Accuracy of perception of severity of asthma: patients treated in general practice. BMJ 1993;307:422-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Gutiérrez FJ, Medina-Gallardo JF, Pérez-Navarro P, et al. Comparison of the Asthma Control Test (ACT) with lung function, levels of exhaled nitric oxide and control according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Arch Bronconeumol 2010;46:370-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalili B, Boggs PB, Shi R, et al. Discrepancy between clinical asthma control assessment tools and fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008;101:124-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbaro MP, Lacedonia D, Palladino GP, et al. Dyspnea perception in asthma: the role of airways inflammation, age and emotional status. Respir Med 2011;105:195-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai TR, Cooper J, Koelmeyer T, et al. The effect of age and duration of disease on airway structure in fatal asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:663-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phua GC, Macintyre NR. Inhaled corticosteroids in obstructive airway disease. Respir Care 2007;52:852-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melosini L, Dente FL, Bacci E, et al. Asthma control test (ACT): comparison with clinical, functional, and biological markers of asthma control. J Asthma 2012;49:317-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrs PO, Larsson K. Treatment improves quality of life in patients with poor perception of asthma. Prim Care Respir J 2004;13:42-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ponte EV, Petroni J, Ramos DC, et al. Perception of asthma control in asthma patients. J Bras Pneumol 2007;33:635-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frisoni GB, Fedi V, Geroldi C, et al. Cognition and the perception of physical symptoms in the community-dwelling elderly. Behav Med 1999;25:5-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Leupoldt A, Dahme B. The impact of emotions on symptom perception in patients with asthma and healthy controls. Psychophysiology 2013;50:1-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge MR, van der Molen T, Myrseth SE, et al. Attitudes and actions of asthma patients on regular maintenance therapy: the INSPIRE study. BMC Pulm Med 2006;6:13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terzano C, Cremonesi G, Girbino G, et al. 1-year prospective real life monitoring of asthma control and quality of life in Italy. Respir Res 2012;13:112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazzoletti L, Marcon A, Janson C, et al. Therapy and health economics group of the European community respiratory health survey. Asthma control in Europe: a real-world evaluation based on an international population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120:1360-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latry P, Pinet M, Labat A, et al. Adherence to anti-inflammatory treatment for asthma in clinical practice in France. Clin Ther 2008;30:1058-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melani AS, Bonavia M, Cilenti V, et al; Gruppo Educazionale Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri. Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control. Respir Med 2011;105:930-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melani AS, Zanchetta D, Barbato N, et al; Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri Educational Group. Inhalation technique and variables associated with misuse of conventional metered-dose inhalers and newer dry powder inhalers in experienced adults. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004;93:439-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melani AS, Canessa P, Coloretti I, et al; Educational Study Group of the Italian Association of Hospital Pulmonologists (AIPO). Inhaler mishandling is very common in patients with chronic airflow obstruction and long-term home nebuliser use. Respir Med 2012;106:668-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saber H, Ghanei M. Extra-esophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease: controversies between epidemiology and clinic. Open Respir Med J 2012;6:121-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zheng X, Guan W, Zheng J, et al. Smoking influences response to inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma: a meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2012;28:1791-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youkou A, Hasegawa T, Suzuki K, et al. Influence of obesity on control in asthmatic Japanese patients defined by the Japanese definition of obesity. Intern Med 2011;50:1911-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braido F, Baiardini I, Lagasio C, et al. Allergic rhinitis in asthma. Panminerva Med 2011;53:97-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva PL, de Mello MT, Cheik NC, et al. Interdisciplinary therapy improves biomarkers profile and lung function in asthmatic obese adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012;47:8-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1054-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haahtela T. Lung function decline in asthma and early intervention with inhaled corticosteroids. Chest 2006;129:1405-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agache I, Akddis C, Jutel M, et al. Untangling asthma phenotypes and endotypes. Allergy 2012;67:835-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubby C, Harrison T, Todd I, et al. Immunological basis of reversible and fixed airways disease. Clin Sci 2011;121:285-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff PG, Modrek B, Choy DF, et al. T-helper Type 2–driven inflammation defines major subphenotypes of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:388-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel S. Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches. Nat Med 2012;18:716-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosmi L, Liotta F, Maggi E, et al. Th17 cells: new players in asthma pathogenesis. Allergy 2011;66:989-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivieri D, Chetta A, Del Donno M, et al. Effect of short-term treatment with low-dose inhaled fluticasone propionate on airway inflammation and remodeling in mild asthma: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1864-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigg CJ, Manolitsas ND, Wang J, et al. Placebo-controlled immunopathologic study of four months of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:17-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshino M, Takahashi M, Takai Y, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids decrease subepithelial collagen deposition by modulation of the balance between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:356-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward C, Pais M, Bish R, et al. Airway inflammation, basement membrane thickening and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Thorax 2002;57:309-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sont JK, Willems LN, Bel EH, et al. Clinical control and histopathologic outcome of asthma when using airway hyperresponsiveness as an additional guide to long-term treatment. The AMPUL Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159(4 Pt 1):1043-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery PK. Pathology of asthma. Br Med Bull 1992;48:23-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet LP, Turcotte H, Laviolette M, et al. Airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and subepithelial collagen deposition in recently diagnosed versus long-standing mild asthma. Influence of inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1308-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sposato B, Pammolli A, Bove L, et al. A regular or an intermittent treatment for asthma: the long-term effect. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010;14:1037-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi K, Inoue H. Airway remodeling in asthma and irreversible airflow limitation – ECM deposition in airway and possible therapy for remodeling. Allergol Int 2007;56:321-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haahtela T, Tamminen K, Kava T, et al. Thirteen-year follow-up of early intervention with an inhaled corticosteroid in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin immunol 2009;124:1180:5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoli M, Holt S, Weatherall M, et al. The dose–response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2004;4:144-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Byrne PM, Nava IP, Kallen A, et al. Increasing doses of inhaled corticosteroids compared to adding long-acting inhaled β2-agonists in achieving asthma control. Chest 2008;134:1192-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar