400
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Psychiatry

Inhaled loxapine for the urgent treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

Pages 1253-1260 | Received 11 Dec 2015, Accepted 18 Mar 2016, Published online: 01 Jun 2016

References

  • Citrome L. Addressing the need for rapid treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: focus on inhaled loxapine as an alternative to injectable agents. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2013;9:235-45
  • Allen MH, Currier GW, Carpenter D, et al. The Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Treatment of behavioral emergencies 2005. J Psychiatr Pract 2005;11(Suppl 1):5-108
  • Allen MH, Feifel D, Lesem MD, et al. Efficacy and safety of loxapine for inhalation in the treatment of agitation in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:1313-21
  • Holloman GH Jr, Zeller SL. Overview of Project BETA: Best practices in Evaluation and Treatment of Agitation. West J Emerg Med 2012;13:1-2
  • Allen MH, Currier GW. Use of restraints and pharmacotherapy in academic psychiatric emergency services. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004;26:42-9
  • Richmond JS, Berlin JS, Fishkind AB, et al. Verbal de-escalation of the agitated patient: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA De-escalation Workgroup. West J Emerg Med 2012;13:17-25
  • Allen MH, Currier GW, Hughes DH, et al. The Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Treatment of behavioral emergencies. Postgrad Med 2001;(Spec No):1-88
  • Wilson MP, Pepper D, Currier GW, et al. The psychopharmacology of agitation: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA Psychopharmacology Workgroup. West J Emerg Med 2012;13:26-34
  • Knox DK, Holloman GH Jr. Use and avoidance of seclusion and restraint: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA Seclusion and Restraint Workgroup. West J Emerg Med 2012;13:35-40
  • Nordstrom K, Allen MH. Alternative delivery systems for agents to treat acute agitation: progress to date. Drugs 2013;73:1783-92
  • Allen MH, Currier GW, Hughes DH, et al. Treatment of behavioral emergencies: a summary of the expert consensus guidelines. J Psychiatr Pract 2003;9:16-38
  • Chakrabarti A, Bagnall A, Chue P, et al. Loxapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD001943
  • Popovic D, Nuss P, Vieta E. Revisiting loxapine: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2015;14:15
  • Paprocki J, Versiani M. A double-blind comparison between loxapine and haloperidol by parenteral route in acute schizophrenia. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1977;21:80-100
  • Fruensgaard K. Parenteral treatment of acute psychotic patients with agitation: a review. Curr Med Res Opin 1978;5:593-600
  • Fruensgaard K, Korsgaard S, Jorgensen H, et al. Loxapine versus haloperidol parenterally in acute psychosis with agitation. A double-blind study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1977;56:256-64
  • Dubin WR, Weiss KJ. Rapid tranquilization: a comparison of thiothixene with loxapine. J Clin Psychiatry 1986;47:294-7
  • Bourdinaud V, Pochard F. [Survey of management methods for patients in a state of agitation at admission and emergency departments in France]. Encephale 2003;29:89-98
  • Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, et al. Loxapine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy as an antipsychotic agent. Drugs 1978;15:198-217
  • Kapur S, Zipursky R, Remington G, et al. PET evidence that loxapine is an equipotent blocker of 5-HT2 and D2 receptors: implications for the therapeutics of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1525-9
  • Glazer WM. Does loxapine have “atypical” properties? Clinical evidence. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(Suppl 10):42-6
  • Singh AN, Barlas C, Saeedi H, et al. Effect of loxapine on peripheral dopamine-like and serotonin receptors in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2003;28:39-47
  • Laube BL. The expanding role of aerosols in systemic drug delivery, gene therapy and vaccination: an update. Transl Respir Med 2014;2:3
  • Nuffer W, Trujillo JM, Ellis SL. Technosphere insulin (Afrezza): a new, inhaled prandial insulin. Ann Pharmacother 2015;49:99-106
  • Pittas AG, Westcott GP, Balk EM. Efficacy, safety, and patient acceptability of Technosphere inhaled insulin for people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015;3:886-94
  • Rashid J, Absar S, Nahar K, et al. Newer devices and improved formulations of inhaled insulin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015;12:917-28
  • Macleod DB, Habib AS, Ikeda K, et al. Inhaled fentanyl aerosol in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Anesth Analg 2012;115:1071-7
  • Aurora SK, Silberstein SD, Kori SH, et al. MAP0004, orally inhaled DHE: a randomized, controlled study in the acute treatment of migraine. Headache 2011;51:507-17
  • Adasuve Prescribing Information. Horsham, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc., 2013. Available at: www.adasuve.com/PDF/AdasuvePI.pdf [last accessed 12 August 2015]
  • Dinh KV, Myers DJ, Noymer PD, et al. In vitro aerosol deposition in the oropharyngeal region for Staccato loxapine. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010;23:253-60
  • Dinh K, Myers DJ, Glazer M, et al. In vitro aerosol characterization of Staccato loxapine. Int J Pharm 2011;403:101-8
  • Rabinowitz JD, Lloyd PM, Munzar P, et al. Ultra-fast absorption of amorphous pure drug aerosols via deep lung inhalation. J Pharm Sci 2006;95:2438-51
  • Spyker DA, Munzar P, Cassella JV. Pharmacokinetics of loxapine following inhalation of a thermally generated aerosol in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2010;50:169-79
  • Spyker DA, Riesenberg RA, Cassella JV. Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of inhaled loxapine in subjects on chronic, stable antipsychotic regimens. J Clin Pharmacol 2015;55:985-94
  • Cooper TB, Kelly RG. GLC analysis of loxapine, amoxapine, and their metabolites in serum and urine. J Pharm Sci 1979;68:216-19
  • Midha KK, Hubbard JW, McKay G, et al. The role of metabolites in a bioequivalence study 1: loxapine, 7-hydroxyloxapine and 8-hydroxyloxapine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993;31:177-83
  • Simpson GM, Cooper TB, Lee JH, et al. Clinical and plasma level characteristics of intramuscular and oral loxapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1978;56:225-32
  • Takahashi LH, Huie K, Spyker DA, et al. Effect of smoking on the pharmacokinetics of inhaled loxapine. Ther Drug Monit 2014;36:618-23
  • Lesem MD, Tran-Johnson TK, Riesenberg RA, et al. Rapid acute treatment of agitation in individuals with schizophrenia: multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study of inhaled loxapine. Br J Psychiatry 2011;198:51-8
  • Kwentus J, Riesenberg RA, Marandi M, et al. Rapid acute treatment of agitation in patients with bipolar I disorder: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with inhaled loxapine. Bipolar Disord 2012;14:31-40
  • Citrome L. Aerosolised antipsychotic assuages agitation: inhaled loxapine for agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Int J Clin Pract 2011;65:330-40
  • Citrome L. Inhaled loxapine for agitation revisited: focus on effect sizes from 2 phase III randomised controlled trials in persons with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Int J Clin Pract 2012;66:318-25
  • Swift RH, Harrigan EP, Cappelleri JC, et al. Validation of the behavioural activity rating scale (BARS): a novel measure of activity in agitated patients. J Psychiatr Res 2002;36:87-95
  • Meehan KM, Wang H, David SR, et al. Comparison of rapidly acting intramuscular olanzapine, lorazepam, and placebo: a double-blind, randomized study in acutely agitated patients with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;26:494-504
  • Spyker DA, Voloshko P, Heyman ER, et al. Loxapine delivered as a thermally generated aerosol does not prolong QTc in a thorough QT/QTc study in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2014;54:665-74
  • Cassella JV, Spyker DA, Yeung PP. A randomized, placebo-controlled repeat-dose thorough QT study of inhaled loxapine in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015;53:963-71
  • Gross N, Greos LS, Meltzer EO, et al. Safety and tolerability of inhaled loxapine in subjects with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – two randomized controlled trials. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2014;27:478-87
  • Adasuve European Public Assessment Report (EPAR). Annex I – Summary of Product Characteristics. London: European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), 2015. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/002400/WC500139409.pdf [last accessed 11 August 2015]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.