Long-acting and short-acting benzodiazepines in the elderly: kinetic differences and clinical relevance

References

• Achong M. R., Bayne J. R. D., Gerson L. W., Golshani S. Prescribing of psychoactive drugs for chronically ill elderly patients. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1978; 118: 1503–1508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen M. D., Greenblatt D. J., Harmatz J. S., Shader R. I. Desmethyldiazepam kinetics in the elderly after oral prazepam. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1980; 28: 196–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellantuono C., Reggi V., Tognoni G., Garattini S. Benzodiazepines: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 1980; 19: 195–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss M. R. Prescribing for the elderly. Bs Med. J. 1981; 283: 203–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs R. S., Castleden C. M., Kraft C. A. Improved hypnotic treatment using chlormethiazole and temazepam. Br. Med. J. 1980; 280: 601–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castleden C. M., George C. E, Marcer D., Hallett C. Increased sensitivity to nitrazepam in old age. Br. Med. J. 1977; 1: 10–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen D., Eisdorfer C., Prinz P., Breen A., Davis M., Gadsby A. Sleep disturbances in the institutionalized aged. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1983; 31: 79–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on the Review of Medicines. Systematic review of the benzodiazepines. Guidelines for data sheets on diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, medazepam, clorazepate, lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, triazolam, nitrazepam, and flurazepam. Br. Med. J. 1980; 280: 910–912
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook P. J., Huggett A., Graham-Pole R., Savage I. T., James I. M. Hypnotic accumulation and hangover in elderly in-patients: a controlled double-blind study of temazepam and nitrazepam. Br. Med. J. 1983; 286: 100–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahi L. E., Dencker S. J., Lundin L., Kullingsjö H. Comparison of nitrazepam with triazolam in insomniac outpatients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1982; 65: 86–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day B. H., Davis H., Parsons D. W. An assessment of two hypnotics in the elderly. Clin. Trials J. 1981; 18: 273–279
   Google Scholar
• Divoll M., Greenblatt D. J., Harmatz J. S., Shader R. I. Effect of age and gender on disposition of temazepam. J. Pharm. Sci. 1981; 70: 1104–1107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards J. G. Overprescribing of psychotropic drugs. “Current Themes in Psychiatry”, R. Gaind, B. Hudson. Macmillan, London 1979; 2: 97–115
   Google Scholar
• Eppinga M., Eppinga-Pinkster J. G., Boer J. J. A comparative double-blind, cross-over study of triazolam, 0.25 mg, and nitrazepam, 5 mg, in hospitalized geriatric patients. J. Drug Res. 1979; 3: 196–202
   Google Scholar
• Fillingin J. M. Double-blind evaluation of the efficacy and safety of temazepam in outpatients with insomnia. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1979; 8: 73S–77S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost J. D., Jr., DeLucchi M. R. Insomnia in the elderly: treatment with flurazepam hydrochloride. J. Am. Geriatr. Sco. 1979; 27: 541–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein S. E., Birnbom E, Lancee W. J., Darke A. C. Comparison of oxazepam, flurazepam and chloral hydrate as hypnotic sedatives in geriatric patients. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1978; 26: 366–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt D. J., Allen M. D. Toxicity of nitrazepam in the elderly: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1978; 5: 407–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt D. J., Allen M. D., Shader R. I. Toxicity of high-dose flurazepam in the elderly. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1977; 21: 355–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt D. J., Allen M. D., Locniskar A., Harmatz J. S., Shader R. I. Lorazepam kinetics in the elderly. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1979; 26: 103–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt D. J., Divoll M., Harmatz J. S., Shader R. I. Oxazepam kinetics: effects of age and sex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1980; 215: 86–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt D. J., Divoll M., Harmatz J. S., MacLaughlin D. S., Shader R. I. Kinetics and clinical effects of flurazepam in young and elderly noninsomniacs. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1981; 30: 475–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt D. J., Divoll M., Abernethy D. R., Ochs H. R., Shader R. I. Benzodiazepine kinetics: implications for therapeutics and pharmaco-geriatrics. Drug Metab. Rev. 1983; 14: 251–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasday J. D., Karch F. E. Benzodiazepine prescribing in a family medicine center. J.A.M.A. 1981; 246: 1321–1325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks R., Dysken M. W., Davis J. M., Lesser J., Ripeckyj A., Lazarus L. The pharmacokinetics of psychotropic medication in the elderly: a review. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1981; 42: 374–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenike M. A. Using sedative drugs in the elderly. Drug Therapy 1982; 184–190, March
   Google Scholar
• Johnson L. C., Chernik D. A. Sedative-hypnotics and human performance. Psychopharmacology 1982; 76: 101–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kangas L., Iisalo E., Kanto J., Lehtinen V., Pynnönen S., Ruikka I., Salminen J., Sillanpää M., Syäahti E. Human pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam: effect of age and diseases. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1979; 15: 163–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz U., Avant G. R., Hoyumpa A., Schenker S., Wilkinson G. R. The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man. J. Clin. Invest. 1975; 55: 347–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus J. W., Desmond P. V., Marshall J. P., Johnson R. E, Schenker S., Wilkinson G. R. The effects of aging and liver disease on disposition of lorazepam. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1978; 24: 411–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lader M., Petursson H. Rational use of anxiolytic/sedative drugs. Drugs 1983; 25: 514–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnoila M., Viukari M., Lamminsivu U., Auvinen J. Efficacy and side effects of lorazepam, oxazepam and temazepam as sleeping aids in psychogeriatric in-patients. Int. Pharmacopsychiatry 1980; 15: 129–135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackon A. F., Barton M., James O., Rawlins M. D. The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of diazepam. Clin. Sci. 1980; 59: 479–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macleod S. M., Giles H. G., Bengert B., Liu F. F., Sellers E. M. Age and gender-related differences in diazepam pharmacokinetics. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1979; 19: 15–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandelli M., Tognoni G., Garattini S. Clinical pharmacokinetics of diazepam. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1978; 3: 72–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer B. R. Benzodiazepines in the elderly. Med. Clin. North Am. 1982; 66: 1017–1035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan K., Gilleard C. J., Reive A. Hypnotic usage in residential homes for the elderly: a prevalence and longitudinal analysis. Age Ageing 1982; 11: 229–234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy P., Hindmarch I., Hyland C. M. Aspects of short-term use of two benzodiazepine hypnotics in the elderly. Age Ageing 1982; 11: 222–228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicholson A. N. The use of short and long-acting hypnotics in clinical medicine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1981; 11: 61S–69S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochs H. R., Greenblatt D. J., Divoll M., Abernethy D. R., Feyerabend H., Dengler H. J. Diazepam kinetics in relation to age and sex. Pharmacology 1981; 23: 24–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okawa K. K. Comparison of triazolam 0.25 mg and flurazepam 15 mg in treating geriatric insomniacs. Curs Ther. Res. 1978; 23: 381–387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccione P., Zorick F., Lutz T., Grissom T., Kramer M., Roth T. The efficacy of triazolam and chloral hydrate in geriatric insomniacs. J. Int. Med. Res. 1980; 8: 361–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzman C. A primer on geriatric psychopharmacology. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1982; 139: 67–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shader R. I., Greenblatt D. J., Ciraulo D. A., Divoll M., Harmatz J. S., Georgotas A. Effect of age and sex on disposition of desmethyldiazepam formed from its precursor clorazepate. Psychopharmacology 1981; 75: 193–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skegg D. C. G., Doll R., Perry J. Use of medicines in general practice. Br. Med. J. 1977; 1: 1561–1563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson T. L., Moran M. G., Nies A. S. Psychotropic drug use in the elderly. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 308: 134–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar