References
- BammanMMHunterGRNewtonLERoneyRKKhaledMAChanges in body composition, diet, and strength of bodybuilders during the 12 weeks prior to competitionJ Sport Med Phys Fitness199333 383 391 1:STN:280:DyaK2czgvFalsQ%3D%3D
- KleinerSMBazzarreTLLitchfordMDMetabolic profiles, diet, and health practices of championship male and female bodybuildersJ Am Diet Assoc199090 962 967 1:STN:280:DyaK3czgvVWltQ%3D%3D 2365938
- RossowLMFukudaDHFahsCALoennekeJPStoutJRNatural bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery: a 12-month case studyInt J Sport Physiol Perform20138 582 592 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.5.582
- KistlerBMFitschenPJRanadiveSMFernhallBWilundKRCase study: natural bodybuilding contest preparationInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab201424 694 700 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0016 24901578
- RobinsonSLLambeth-MansellAGillibrandGSmith-RyanABannockLA nutrition and conditioning intervention for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: case studyJISSN.201512 20 25949233 4422265
- HallidayTMLoennekeJPDavyBMDietary intake, body composition, and menstrual cycle changes during competition preparation and recovery in a drug-free figure competitor: a case studyNutrients20168 740 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110740 5133123
- RohrigBJPettittRWPettittCDKanzenbachTLPsychophysiological tracking of a female physique competitor through competition preparationInt J Exerc Sci201710 2 301 11 28344742 5360372
- RohrigBJPettittRWPettittCDKanzenbachTLPsychophysiological tracking of a female physique competitor through competition preparationInt J Exerc Sci201710 301 311 28344742 5360372
- Liokaftos D. A genealogy of male bodybuilding: from classical to freaky. Routledge: Taylor & Francis; 2017.
- LambertCPFrankLLEvansWJMacronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuildingSports Med200434 317 327 https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434050-00004 15107010
- HelmsERAragonAAFitschenPJEvidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementationJISSN201411 20 24864135 4033492
- HelmsERFitschenPJAragonAACroninJSchoenfeldBJRecommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: resistance and cardiovascular trainingJ Sports Med Phys Fitness201555 164 178 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2cfpvVentA%3D%3D 24998610
- SpendloveJMitchellLGiffordJHackettDSlaterGCobleySO’ConnorHDietary intake of competitive bodybuildersSports Med201545 1041 1063 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0329-4 25926019
- British Natural Bodybuilding Federation List of banned substances2017 http://www.bnbf.co.uk/banned-substances. Accessed 14 Apr 2017
- World Anti-Doping Agency List of prohibited substances and methods2017 https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list. Accessed 14 Apr 2017
- Bodybuilding.com Contest Preparation2017 Available online: https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/5-mistakes-beginners-make-during-contest-prep.html. Accessed 20 June 2017
- KouriEMPopeHGJrKatzDLOlivaPFat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroidsClin J Sports Med19955 223 228 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FpvF2rtA%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199510000-00003
- European Food Safety Authority The food classification and description system. FoodEx2, revision 2. EFSA supporting publications2015 EN-804. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/804e.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2016
- KleinerSMBazzarreTLAinsworthBENutritional status of nationally ranked elite bodybuildersInt J Sport Nutr19944 54 69 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3itFSmtA%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.1.54 8167655
- BazzarreTLKleinerSMLitchfordMDNutrient intake, body fat, and lipid profiles of competitive male and female bodybuildersJ Am Col Nutr19909 136 142 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3ltVaitQ%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1990.10720362
- Van der PloegGEBrooksAGWithersRTDollmanJBody composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competitionEur J Cin Nutr200155 268 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ntVKgtA%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601154
- SchutzYKyleUUGPichardCFat-free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 18- 98 yInt J Obesity200226 953 960 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zjslGgsg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802037
- LankfordBCampbellBISelf-reported energy intake of male & female bodybuilders in the scientific literatureJISSN20129 P19 3500753
- Walberg-RankinJEdmondsCEGwazdauskasFCDiet and weight changes of female bodybuilders before and after competitionInt J Sport Nutr19933 87 102 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3nt1Shsw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.3.1.87 8499941
- SpeechlyDPBuffensteinRGreater appetite control associated with an increased frequency of eating in lean malesAppetite199933 285 297 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhs1WmtQ%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1999.0265 10625522
- MaYBertoneERStanekEJReedGWHebertJRCohenNLMerriamPAOckeneISAssociation between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult populationAm J Epidemiol2003158 85 92 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg117 12835290
- SchoenfeldBJAragonAAKriegerJW2015. Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysisNutr Rev201573 69 82 https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuu017 26024494
- GartheIRaastadTRefsnesPEKoivistoASundgot-BorgenJEffect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab201121 97 104 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmtF2jurg%3D https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.2.97 21558571
- SandovalWMHeywardVHFood selection patterns of bodybuildersInt J Sport Nutr19911 61 68 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3it1yksQ%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.1.1.61 1844403
- SlaterGPhillipsSMNutrition guidelines for strength sports: sprinting, weightlifting, throwing events, and bodybuildingJ Sport Sci201129 sup1 S67 S77 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.574722
- MacDougallJDRaySSaleDGMccartneyNLeePGarnerSMuscle substrate utilization and lactate production during weightliftingCan J Appl Physiol199924 209 215 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjs1aksr4%3D https://doi.org/10.1139/h99-017 10364416
- TeschPAPloutz-SnyderLLYströmLCastroMJDudleyGASkeletal muscle glycogen loss evoked by resistance exerciseJ Strength Cond Res199812 67 73
- KringsBMRountreeJAMcAllisterMJCummingsPMPetersonTJFountainBJSmithJWEffects of acute carbohydrate ingestion on anaerobic exercise performanceJISSN201613 40 27843418 5105234
- GollnickPDKarlssonJPiehlKSaltinBSelective glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle fibres of man following sustained contractionsJ Physiol1974241 59 1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXhsVKjsg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010640 4278538 1331072
- KriegerJWSitrenHSDanielsMJLangkamp-HenkenBEffects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regressionAm J Clin Nutr200683 260 274 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhs1ehsL8%3D 16469983
- MettlerSMitchellNTiptonKDIncreased protein intake reduces lean body mass loss during weight loss in athletesMed Sci Sports Exerc201042 326 327 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpsVSntg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b2ef8e 19927027
- AragonAASchoenfeldBJWildmanRKleinerSVanDusseldorpTTaylorLEarnestCPArcieroPJWilbornCKalmanDSStoutJRInternational society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body compositionJ Int Soc Sports Nutr201714 16 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0174-y 28630601 5470183
- Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Brinkworth GD. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;(Suppl 112) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.044321.
- GentilPA nutrition and conditioning intervention for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: observations and suggestionsJISSN201512 50 26696792 4687303
- GentilPLiraCABPaoliASantosABSilvaADTJuniorJRPSilvaEPMagossoRFNutrition, pharmacological and training strategies adopted by six bodybuilders: case report and critical reviewEur J Transl Myol201727 51 66
- Withers RT, Noell CJ, Whittingham NO, Chatterton BE, Schultz CG, Keeves JP. Body composition changes in elite male bodybuilders during preparation for competition. Aust J Sci Med Sport. 1997;29:11–6.
- TooDWakayamaEJLocatiLLLandwerGEEffect of a precompetition bodybuilding diet and training regimen on body composition and blood chemistryJ Sports Med Phys Fitness199838 245 252 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FkvVGhtw%3D%3D 9830833
- MäestuJEliakimAJürimäeJValterIJürimäeTAnabolic and catabolic hormones and energy balance of the male bodybuilders during the preparation for the competitionJ Strength Cond Res201024 1074 1081 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cb6fd3 20300017
- WalbergJLLeidyMKSturgillDJHinkleDERitcheySJSeboltDRMacronutrient content of a hypoenergy diet affects nitrogen retention and muscle function in weight liftersInt J Sports Med19889 261 266 1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2Fjt1Orsw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1025018 3182156
- Westerterp-PlantengaMSLemmensSGWesterterpKRDietary protein–its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and healthBJN2012108 S2 S105 S112 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1arsbnE https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512002589
- PestaDHSamuelVTA high-protein diet for reducing body fat: mechanisms and possible caveatsNutr Metab201411 53 https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-11-53
- WitardOCWardleSLMacnaughtonLSHodgsonABTiptonKDProtein considerations for optimising skeletal muscle mass in healthy young and older adultsNutrients20168 181 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8040181 27023595 4848650
- ThomasDTErdmanKABurkeLM American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement Nutrition and athletic performanceMed Sci Sport Exerc201648 543 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XjtFKgtLk%3D
- HelmsERZinnCRowlandsDSBrownSRA systematic review of dietary protein during caloric restriction in resistance trained lean athletes: a case for higher intakesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab201424 127 138 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtVyiurnO https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0054 24092765
- AntonioJEllerbroekASilverTVargasLPeacockCThe effects of a high protein diet on indices of health and body composition–a crossover trial in resistance-trained menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr201613 3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0114-2 26778925 4715299
- NewtonLEHunterGBammonMRoneyRChanges in psychological state and self-reported diet during various phases of training in competitive bodybuildersJ Strength Cond Res19937 153 158
- ChoSLeeHKimKPhysical characteristics and dietary patterns of strength athletes; bodybuilders, weight liftersKorean J Community Nutr200712 864 872
- HämäläinenEKAdlercreutzHPuskaPPietinenPDecrease of serum total and free testosterone during a low-fat high-fibre dietJ Steroid Biochem198318 369 370 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(83)90117-6 6298507
- DorganJFJuddJTLongcopeCBrownCSchatzkinAClevidenceBACampbellWSNairPPFranzCKahleLTaylorPREffects of dietary fat and fiber on plasma and urine androgens and estrogens in men: a controlled feeding studyAm J Clin Nutr199664 850 855 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XnsV2rtr8%3D https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.6.850 8942407
- DascombeBJKarunaratnaMCartoonJFergieBGoodmanCNutritional supplementation habits and perceptions of elite athletes within a state-based sporting instituteJ Sci Med Sport201013 274 280 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c7mvVSjtw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.03.005 19775936
- GostonJLCorreiaMIIntake of nutritional supplements among people exercising in gyms and influencing factorsNutrition201026 604 611 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.06.021 20004078
- HackettDAJohnsonNAChowCMTraining practices and ergogenic aids used by male bodybuildersJ Strength Cond Res201327 1609 1617 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318271272a 22990567
- AragonAASchoenfeldBJNutrient timing revisited: is there a post-exercise anabolic window?JISSN201310 5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjslCiur4%3D 23360586 3577439
- AthertonPJEtheridgeTWattPWWilkinsonDSelbyARankinDSmithKRennieMJMuscle full effect after oral protein: time-dependent concordance and discordance between human muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signallingAm J Clin Nutr201092 1080 1088 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVWgt7bO https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29819 20844073
- TetensI EFSA panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies: scientific opinion on the safety of caffeine. European food safety authority2015 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102/epdf Accessed 26 May 2017
- SprietLLMacLeanDADyckDJHultmanECederbladGGrahamTECaffeine ingestion and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humansAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab1992262 E891 E898 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XltVCisLo%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1992.262.6.E891
- MacDiarmidJBlundellJAssessing dietary intake: who, what and why of under-reportingNutr Res Rev199811 231 253 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M%2FjvF2gug%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR19980017 19094249