REFERENCES
- Axelrod , S. 1983 . “ Introduction. ” . In The effects of punishment on human behavior , Edited by: Axelrod , S. and Apsche , J. 1 – 11 . New York : Academic Press. .
- Azrin , N. H. and Holz , W. C. 1966 . “ Punishment. ” . In Operant behavior: Areas of research and application , Edited by: Honig , W. K. 380 – 447 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts. .
- Barkley , R. A. 1987 . Defiant children: A clinician's manual for parent training. , New York : Guilford .
- Bean , A. W. and Roberts , M. W. 1981 . The effect of time-out release contingencies on changes in child noncompliance. . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 9 : 95 – 105 .
- Bernal , M. E. , Duryec , J. S. , Pruett , H. L and Burns , B. J. 1968 . Behavior modification and the brat syndrome. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 32 : 447 – 455 .
- Blum , N. J. , Williams , G. E. , Friman , P. C and Christopherson , E. R. 1995 . Disciplining young children: The role of verbal instructions and reasoning. . Pediatrics. , 96 : 336 – 341 .
- Chapman , M. and Zahn-Waxier , C. 1982 . Young children's compliance and noncompliance to parental discipline in a natural setting. . International Journal of Behavioural Development , 5 : 81 – 94 .
- Cheyne , J. A. and Walters , R. H. 1969 . Intensity of punishment, timing of punishment, and cognitive structure as determinants of response inhibition. . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 10 : 352 – 364 .
- Christensen , A. 1979 . Naturalistic observation of families: A system for random audio recordings in the home. . Behavior Therapy , 10 : 418 – 422 .
- Christopherson , E. R. 1988 . Little people: Guidelines for commonsense child rearing , 3rd ed. , Kansas City, MO : Westport Publishers .
- Crockenberg , S. and Litman , C. 1990 . Autonomy as competence in two-year-olds: Maternal correlates of child defiance, compliance, and self-assertion. . Developmental Psychology , 26 : 961 – 971 .
- Dangel , R. F. and Polster , R. A. 1984 . “ Winning! A systematic, empirical approach to parent training. ” . In Parent training , Edited by: Dangel , R. F. and Polster , R. A. 162 – 201 . New York : Guilford Press. .
- Davies , G. R. , McMahon , R. J. , Flessati , E. W. and Tiedemann , G. L. 1984 . Verbal rationales and modeling as adjuncts to a parenting technique for child compliance. . Child Development , 55 : 1290 – 1298 .
- Day , D. E. and Roberts , M. W. 1983 . An analysis of the physical punishment component of a parent training program. . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 11 : 141 – 152 .
- Dix , T. 1993 . Attributing dispositions to children: An interactional analysis of attribution in socialization. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 19 : 633 – 643 .
- Dix , T. and Grusec , J. E. 1983 . Parental influence techniques: An attributional analysis. . Child Development , 54 : 645 – 652 .
- Eisenberg , N. , Fabes , R. A. , Carlo , G. , Troyer , D. , Speer , A. L , Karbon , M. and Switzer , G. 1992 . The relations of maternal practices and characteristics to children's vicarious emotional responsiveness. . Child Development , 63 : 583 – 602 .
- Eyberg , S. M. and Boggs , S. R. 1989 . “ Parent training for oppositional-defiant preschoolers. ” . In Handbook of parent training: Parents as co-therapists for children's behavior problems , Edited by: Schaefer , C. E. and Briesmeister , J. M. 105 – 132 . New York : Wiley. .
- Forehand , R. L. and McMahon , R. J. 1981 . Helping the noncompliant child. , New York : Guilford .
- Goodenough , F. L. 1931 . Anger in young children. , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
- Grusec , J. E. and Goodnow , J. J. 1994 . Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. . Developmental Psychology , 30 : 4 – 19 .
- Hayes , S. C. and Hayes , L. J. 1992 . Verbal relations and the evolution of behavior analysis. . American Psychologist , 47 : 1383 – 1395 .
- Hayes , S. C. , Zettle , R. D. and Rosenfarb , I. 1989 . “ Rule-following. ” . In Rule-governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies, and instructional control , Edited by: Hayes , S. C. 191 – 220 . New York : Plenum Press. .
- Hoffman , M. L. 1977 . “ Moral internalization: Current theory and research. ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 10 , 85 – 133 . New York : Academic Press. .
- Hoffman , M. L. 1983 . “ Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization. ” . In Social cognition and social development , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. , Ruble , D. N. and Hanup , W. W. 236 – 274 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. .
- Holmes , S. J. and Robins , L. N. 1988 . The role of parental disciplinary practices in the development of depression and alcoholism. . Psychiatry , 51 : 24 – 36 .
- Kochanska , G. 1991 . Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience. . Child Development , 62 : 1379 – 1392 .
- Kuczynski , L. , Kochanska , G. , Radke-Yarrow , M. and Gimius-Brown , O. 1987 . A developmental interpretation of young children's noncompliance. . Developmental Psychology , 23 : 799 – 806 .
- Larzelere , R. E. , Amberson , T. G. and Martin , J. A. 1992 . Age differences in perceived discipline problems from 9 to 48 months. . Family Relations , 41 : 192 – 199 .
- Larzelere , R. E. , Klein , M. , Schumm , W. R. and Alibrando , S. A. Jr. 1989 . Relations of spanking and other parenting characteristics to self-esteem and perceived fairness of parental discipline. . Psychological Reports , 64 : 1140 – 1142 .
- Larzelere , R. E. and Merenda , J. A. 1994 . The effectiveness of parental discipline for toddler misbehavior at different levels of child distress. . Family Relations , 43 : 480 – 488 .
- LaVoie , J. C. 1974 . Aversive, cognitive, and parental determinants of punishment generalization in adolescent males. . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 124 : 29 – 39 .
- Lefkowitz , M. M. , Eron , L. D. , Walder , L. O. and Huesmann , L. R. 1977 . Crowing up to be violent. , New York : Pergamon .
- Lepper , M. R. 1983 . “ Social control processes and the internalization of social values: An attributional perspective. ” . In Social cognition and social development: A sociocultural perspective , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. , Ruble , D. N. and Hartup , W. W. 294 – 330 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. .
- Lutzker , J. R. 1994 . Referee's evaluation of “Assessment of a new procedure for timeout escape in preschoolers” by McNeil, et al. . Child & Family Behavior Therapy , 16 : 33 – 35 .
- Lytton , H. 1980 . Parent-child interaction: The socialization process observed in twin and singleton families. , New York : Plenum Press .
- Maccoby , E. E. and Martin , J. A. 1983 . “ Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. ” . In Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development , 4th ed. , Edited by: Mussen , P. H. and Hetherington , E. M. 1 – 101 . New York : Wiley. .
- Marx , M. H. and Hillix , W. A. 1979 . Systems and theories in psychology , 3rd ed. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
- McCord , W. , McCord , J. and Howard , A. 1961 . Familial correlates of aggression in nondelinquent male children. . Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology , 62 : 79 – 93 .
- McNeil , C. B. , Clemens-Mowrer , L. , Gurwitch , R. H. and Funderfunk , B. W. 1994 . Assessment of a new procedure to prevent timeout escape in preschoolers. . Child & Family Behavior Therapy , 16 : 27 – 35 .
- Miller , A. 1990 . For your own good: Hidden cruelty in child-rearing and the roots of violence , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Hannum , H. and Hannum , H. New York : Noonday .
- Parke , R. D. 1969 . Effectiveness of punishment as an interaction of intensity, timing, agent nurturance, and cognitive structuring. . Child Development , 40 : 213 – 235 .
- Parke , R. D. 1974 . “ Rules, roles and resistance to deviation: Recent advances in punishment, discipline, and self-control. ” . In Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology , Edited by: Pick , A. D. Vol. 8 , 111 – 143 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press. .
- Parke , R. D. and Slaby , R. G. 1983 . “ The development of aggression. ” . In Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development , 4th ed. , Edited by: Mussen , P. H. and Hetherington , E. M. 547 – 642 . New York : Wiley. .
- Patterson , G. R. 1982 . Coercive family process. , Eugene, OR : Castalia Press .
- Roberts , M. W. 1982 . The effects of warned versus unwarned time-out procedures on child noncompliance. . Child & Family Behavior Therapy , 4 : 37 – 53 .
- Roberts , M. W. , Hatzenbuehler , L. C and Bean , A. W. 1981 . The effects of differential attention and timeout on child noncompliance. . Behavior Therapy , 12 : 93 – 99 .
- Roberts , M. W. , McMahon , R. J. , Forehand , R. and Humphreys , L. 1978 . The effect of parental instruction-giving on child compliance. . Behavior Therapy. , 9 : 793 – 798 .
- Roberts , M. W. and Powers , S. W. 1990 . Adjusting chair timeout enforcement procedures for oppositional children. . Behavior Therapy , 21 : 257 – 271 .
- Rollins , B. C. and Thomas , D. L. 1979 . “ Parental support, power, and control techniques in the socialization of children. ” . In Contemporary theories about the family , Edited by: Burr , W. R. , Hill , R. , Nye , F. I. and Reiss , I. L. Vol. 1 , 317 – 364 . New York : Free Press. .
- Scarboro , E. and Forehand , R. 1975 . Effects of two types of response-contingent time-out on compliance and oppositional behavior of children. . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 19 : 252 – 264 .
- Steinmetz , S. K. 1979 . “ Disciplinary techniques and their relationship to aggressiveness, dependency, and conscience. ” . In Contemporary theories about the family , Edited by: Burr , W. R. , Hill , R. , Nye , F. I. and Reiss , I. L. Vol. I , 405 – 438 . New York : Free Press. .
- Strassberg , Z. , Dodge , K. A. , Pettit , G. S. and Bates , J. E. 1994 . Spanking in the home and children's subsequent aggression toward kindergarten peers. . Development and Psychopathology , 6 : 445 – 461 .
- Straus , M. A. 1994 . Beating the devil out of them: Corporal punishment in American families. , New York : Lexington Books .
- Sugarman , D. B. , Straus , M. A. and Giles-Sims , J. Corporal punishment by parents and subsequent anti-social behavior of children. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Council on Family Relations . Minneapolis. November ,
- Wahler , R. G. 1969 . Oppositional children: A quest for parental reinforcement control. . Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis , 2 : 159 – 170 .
- Zahn-Waxler , C. and Radke-Yarrow , M. 1982 . “ The development of prosocial behaviors: Alternative research strategies. ” . In The development of prosocial behavior , Edited by: Eisenberg-Berg , N. 109 – 137 . New York : Academic Press. .