Behavior Change and Perceptions of Change: Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Token Economy

REFERENCES

• Anhalt , K. , McNeil , C. B. and Bahl , A. B. 1998 . The ADHD classroom kit: A whole-classroom approach for managing disruptive behavior. . Psychology in the Schools , 35 : 67 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelrod , A. 1973 . Comparison of individual and group contingencies in two special classes. . Behavior Therapy , 4 : 83 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 1990 . Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barrish , H. H. , Saunders , M. and Wolf , M. M. 1969 . Good behavior game: Effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 2 : 119 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , D. , Reschly , D. and Sabers , D. 1974 . Using group contingencies with punishment and positive reinforcement to modify aggressive behaviors in a Head Start classroom. . The Psychological Record , 24 : 491 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett , L. , McLaughlin , T. F. and Hunsaker , D. 1978 . Instruction-following behavior of an entire third-grade classroom: Effects of a timing device, public posting and teacher praise. . Behavioral Engineering , 5 : 37 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Conners , C. K. 1997 . Manual for the Conners' Rating Scales-Revised. , Toronto : Multi-health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , J. O. , Heron , T. E. and Heward , W. L. 1987 . Applied behavior analysis. , New York : Macmillan Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Cosper , M. R. and Erickson , M. T. 1984 . Relationships among observed classroom behavior and three types of teacher ratings. . Behavioral Disorders , 9 : 189 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• DeMartini-Scully , D. , Bray , M. A. and Kehle , T. J. 2000 . A packaged intervention to reduce disruptive behaviors in general education students. . Psychology in the Schools , 37 : 149 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drabman , R. S. , Spitalnik , R. and Spitalnik , K. 1974 . Sociometric and disruptive behavior as a function of four types of token reinforcement programs. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 7 : 93 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drabman , R. S. and Tucker , R. D. 1974 . Why classroom token economies fail. . Journal of School Psychology , 12 : 178 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , S. N. 1988 . Acceptability of behavioral treatments: Review of variables that influence treatment selection. . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 19 : 68 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erchul , W. P. and Martens , B. K. 2002 . School consultation: Conceptual and empirical bases of practice, , 2nd ed. , New York : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Ferster , C. B. 1967 . Arbitrary and natural reinforcement. . The Psychological Record , 17 : 341 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gable , R. A. and Strain , P. S. 1981 . Individualizing a token reinforcement system for the treatment of children's behavior disorders. . Behavior Disorders , 7 : 39 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , A. M. and Ekstrand , M. 1983 . Increasing and maintaining rates of teacher praise: A study using public posting and feedback fading. . Behavior Modification , 7 : 126 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin , R. L. , Hathaway , C. and Wodarski , J. 1974 . “ Group contingencies, peer tutoring, and accelerating academic achievement. ” . In Control of human behavior. , Edited by: Ulrich , R. , Stachnik , T. and Mabry , J. Vol. 3 , 421 – 432 . Glenview, IL : Scott-Foresman .
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins , R. P. , Mathews , J. R. and Hamdan , L. 1999 . Measuring behavioral health outcomes: A practical guide. , New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Herman , S. H. and Tramontana , J. 1971 . Instructions and group versus individual reinforcement in modifying disruptive group behavior. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 4 : 113 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks , T. and Munger , R. 1990 . A school day treatment program using an adaptation of the Teaching-Family Model. . Education and Treatment of Children , 13 : 63 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , H. 1979 . Behavior change in children at a therapeutic summer camp as a function of feedback and individual versus group contingencies. . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 7 : 211 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. R. , Boggs , S. R. , Eyberg , S. M. , Edwards , D. , Durning , P. , Querido , J. G. , McNeil , C. B. and Funderburk , B. W. 2000 . Psychometric properties and reference point data for the Revised Edition of the School Observation Coding System. . Behavior Therapy , 31 : 695 – 712 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. 1977 . The token economy: A review and evaluation. , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. 1982 . Single-case research designs. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. 2001 . Behavior modification in applied settings, , 6th ed. , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Kehle , T. J. , Bray , M. , Theodore , L. A. , Jensen , W. R. and Clark , E. 2000 . A multi-component intervention designed to reduce disruptive classroom behavior. . Psychology in the Schools , 37 : 475 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , J. D. and Williams , R. L. 1973 . The comparative effectiveness of group and individually contingent free-time with inner-city junior high school students. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 6 : 465 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens , B. K. , Witt , J. C. , Elliot , S. N. and Darveaux , D. 1985 . Teacher judgements concerning the acceptability of school-based interventions. . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 16 : 191 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mash , E. J. and Wolfe , D. A. 2002 . Abnormal Child Psychology , 2e Wadsworth Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• McKee , W. T. and Witt , J. C. 1990 . “ Effective teaching: A review of instructional and environmental variables. ” . In The handbook of school psychology, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Gutkin , T. B. and Reynolds , C. R. 821 – 846 . Oxford, , England : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Miltenberger , R. 1997 . Behavior modification: Principles and procedures. , Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , J. W. , Tingstrom , D. H. , Doggett , R. A. and Carlyon , W. D. 2001 . Restructuring and existing token economy in a psychiatric facility for children. . Child & Family Behavior Therapy , 23 : 53 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , D. L. and Morgan , R. K. 2001 . Single-participant research design: Bringing science to managed care. . American Psychologist , 56 : 119 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musser , E. H. , Bray , M. A. , Kehle , T. J. and Jensen , W. R. 2001 . Reducing disruptive behaviors in students with serious emotional disturbance. . School Psychology Review , 30 : 294 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Leary , K. D. , Becker , W. C. , Evan , M. B. and Saudergas , R. A. 1969 . A token reinforcement program in a public school: A replication and systematic analysis. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 2 : 3 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , G. R. , Reid , J. B. and Dishion , T. J. 1992 . Antisocial boys. , Eugene, OR : Castalia .
   Google Scholar
• Pelham , W. E. , Wheeler , T. and Chronis , A. 1998 . Empirically supported psycho-social treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 27 : 190 – 205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reitman , D. 1998 . Punished by misunderstanding: A critical evaluation of Kohn's Punished by Rewards and its implications for behavioral interventions with children. . The Behavior Analyst , 21 : 143 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Reitman , D. , Hummel , R. , Franz , D. Z. and Gross , A. M. 1998 . A review of methods and instruments for assessing externalizing disorders: Theoretical and practical considerations in rendering a diagnosis. . Clinical Psychology Review , 18 : 555 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitman , D. and Drabman , R. S. 1999 . Multi-faceted uses of a simple time-out record in the treatment of a noncompliant 8-year-old boy. . Education and Treatment of Children , 22 : 194 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , L. K. and Kelley , M. L. 1997 . The efficacy of a response cost-based treatment package for managing aggressive behavior in preschoolers. . Behavior Modification , 21 : 216 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , S. , Sato , Y. , Takayama , I. and Aikawa , A. 1993 . Social skills training with aggressive kindergarten children: Maintenance of social skills by coaching. . Japanese Journal of Behavior Therapy , 19 : 20 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Sidman , M. 1960 . Tactics of scientific research: Evaluating experimental data in psychology. , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Stollar , S. A. , Collins , P. A. D. and Barnett , D. W. 1994 . Structured free-play to reduce disruptive activity changes in Head Start classroom. . School Psychology Review , 23 : 310 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain , J. C. and McLaughlin , T. F. 1998 . The effects of bonus contingencies in a classwide token program on math accuracy with middle-school students with behavioral disorders. . Behavioral Interventions , 13 : 11 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Sweizy , N. B. , Matson , J. L. and Box , P. 1992 . The Good Behavior Game: A token reinforcement system for preschoolers. . Child & Family Behavior Therapy , 14 : 21 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarnowski , K. J. and Simonian , S. J. 1992 . Assessing treatment acceptance: The abbreviated acceptability rating profile. . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 23 : 101 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisz , J. R. and Jensen , A. L. 2001 . Child and adolescent psychotherapy in research and practice contexts: Review of the evidence and suggestions for improving the field. . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 10 : 12 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Witt , J. C. and Elliot , S. E. 1982 . The response cost lottery: A time efficient and effective classroom intervention. . Journal of School Psychology , 20 : 155 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , V. V. , Boyd , L. A. and Wolfe , D. A. 1983 . Teaching cooperative play to behavior-problem preschool children. . Education and Treatment of Children , 6 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. M. 1978 . Social validity: The case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 11 : 203 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar