The Role of Social Supports, Spirituality, Religiousness, Life Meaning and Affiliation with 12-Step Fellowships in Quality of Life Satisfaction Among Individuals in Recovery from Alcohol and Drug Problems

References

• Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . 1939/1976 . Alcoholics Anonymous: The story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism , 3rd Ed. , NY : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Alemi , F. , Stephens , R. , Llorens , S. , Schaefer , D. , Nemes , S. and Arendt , R. 2003 . The Orientation of Social Support measure . Addictive Behaviors , 28 : 1285 – 1298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonovsky , A. 1979 . Health, stress, and coping , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. 1999 . AMOS 4.0 ‘computer software’ , Chicago : SmallWaters .
   Google Scholar
• Arnold , R. , Avants , S. , Margolin , A. and Marcotte , D. 2002 . Patient attitudes concerning the inclusion of spirituality in addiction treatment . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 23 : 319 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. and Kenny , D. 1986 . The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beattie , M. and Longabaugh , R. 1997 . Interpersonal factors and post-treatment drinking and subject well-being . Addiction , 92 : 1507 – 1521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson , P. L. 1992 . “ Religion and substance use ” . In Religion and mental health , Edited by: Schumaker , J. F. 211 – 221 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berkman , L. and Syme , S. 1979 . Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents . American Journal of Epidemiology , 109 : 186 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman , L. 1985 . “ The relationship of social networks and social support to morbidity and mortality ” . In Social support and health , Edited by: Cohen , S. and Syme , S. 241 – 262 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bollen , K. 1989 . Structural equations with latent variables , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Brady , M. , Peterman , A. , Fitchett , G. , Mo , M. and Cella , D. 1999 . A case for including spirituality in quality of life measurement in oncology . Psycho-Oncology , 8 : 417 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan , P. and Moos , R. 1990 . Life stressors, social resources, and late-life problem drinking . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 491 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brogly , S. , Mercier , C. , Bruneau , J. , Palepu , A. and Franco , E. 2003 . Towards more effective public health programming for injection drug users: Development and evaluation of the injection drug user quality of life scale . Substance Use and Misuse , 38 : 965 – 992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman , S. 1997 . The challenge of sobriety: Natural recovery without treatment and self-help programs . Journal of Substance Abuse , 9 : 41 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byrne , B. 2001 . Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , P. and Cutter , H. 1998 . Alcoholics anonymous affliction during early recovery . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 15 : 221 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , G. and Caplan , R. 2000 . Principles of community psychiatry . Community Mental Health J. , 36 : 7 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson , V. and Green , H. 1992 . Spiritual well-being: A predictor of hardiness in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Journal of Professional Nursing , 8 : 209 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapman , R. 1991 . Middle recovery: An introspective journey . Addiction and Recovery , Sept-October : 8 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Chappel , J. 1993 . Long term recovery from alcoholism . Psychiatric Clin. N. Amer. , 169 : 17 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Christo , G. and Franey , C. 1995 . Drug users' spiritual beliefs, locus of control and the disease concept in relation to Narcotics Anonymous attendance and six-month outcomes . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 38 : 51 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. , Hassan , S. , Lapointe , B. and Mount , B. 1996 . Quality of life in HIV disease as measured by the McGill quality of life questionnaire . AIDS , 10 : 1421 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , C. 2004 . The contribution of religious and existential well-being to depression among African American heterosexuals with HIV infection . Mental Health Nursing , 25 : 103 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Connors , G. and Dermen , K. 1996 . Characteristics of participantsin Secular Organization for Sobriety (SOS) . American Journal Drug Alcohol Abuse , 22 : 281 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors , G. , Tonigan , S. and Miller , W. 1996 . A measure of Religious Background and Behavior for use in behavior change research . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 10 : 90 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , C. 2004 . Addiction and spirituality . Addiction , 99 : 539 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan , P. , McCorkle , B. , Schell , B. and Kidder , K. 2003 . Religion and spirituality in the lives of people with serious mental illness . Community Mental Health Journal , 3 : 487 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Cotton , S. , Levine , E. , Fitzpatrick , C. , Dold , K. and Targ , E. 1999 . Exploring the relationship among spiritual well-being, quality of life and psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer . Psycho-Oncology , 8 : 429 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross , G. , Morgan , C. , Moony , A. , Martin , C. and Rafter , J. 1990 . Alcoholism treatment: A ten-year follow-up study . Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research , 14 : 169 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culliford , L. 2002 . Spirituality and clinical care: Spiritual values and skills are increasingly recognised as necessary aspects of clinical care . British Medical Journal (bmj.com) , 325 : 1434 – 1435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgard , O. and Tambs , K. 1997 . Urban environment and mental health: A longitudinal study . British Journal of Psychiatry , 171 : 530 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , M. L. , Scott , C. K. and Funk , R. 2003 . An experimental evaluation of recovery management checkups (RMC) for people with chronic substance use disorders . Evaluation and Program Planning , 26 : 339 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Bassel , N. , Duan-Rung , C. and Cooper , D. 1998 . Social support and social network profiles among women in methadone . Social Service Review , 00 : 379 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Elkins , D. , Hedstrom , L. , Hughes , L. , Leaf , J. and Saunders , C. 1988 . Toward a humanistic phenomenological spirituality . Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 28 : 5 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison , C. 1991 . Religious involvement and subjective well-being . J Health Soc Behav. , 32 : 80 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison , C. 1983 . Spiritual Well-Being: Conceptualization and measurement . Journal of Psychology and Theology , 11 : 330 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falck , R. , Wang , J. , Carlson , R. and Siegal , H. 2000 . Crack-cocaine use and health status as defined by the SF-36 . Addictive Behaviors , 25 : 579 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehring , R. , Brennan , P. and Keller , M. 1987 . Psychological and spiritual well-being in college students . Res Nurs Health , 10 : 391 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fetzer Institute, National Institute on Aging Working Group . 1999 . Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research , Kalamazoo, MI : Fetzer Institute . A report of a national working group supported by the Fetzer institute in collaboration with the national institute on aging.
   Google Scholar
• Fife , B. 1994 . The conceptualization of meaning in illness . Social Science and Medicine , 38 : 309 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney , J. 1995 . Enhancing substance abuse treatment evaluations: Examining mediators and moderators of treatment effects . Journal of Substance Abuse , 7 : 135 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finney , J. , Noyes , C. , Coutts , A. and Moos , R. 1998 . Evaluating substance abuse treatment process models: Changes on proximal outcome variables during 12-step and cognitive-behavioral treatment . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 59 : 371 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentine , R. and Hillhouse , M. 2000 . Drug treatment and 12-step program participation: The additive effects of integrated recovery activities . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 18 : 65 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentine , R. 1999 . After drug treatment: Are 12-step programs effective in maintaining abstinence? . American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse , 25 : 93 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn , P. , Joe , G. , Broome , K. , Simpson , D. and Brown , B. 2003 . Looking back on cocaine dependence: Reasons for recovery . American Journal on Addictions , 12 : 398 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , J. , Marshall , E. and Peters , T. 2000 . Application of a quality of life measure, the life situation survey, to alcohol-dependent subjects in relapse and remission . Alcohol: Clinical & Experimental Research , 24 : 1687 – 92 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frankl , V. 1963 . Man's search for meaning , New York, NY : Washington Square Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freyer-Rose , K. 1991 . Late recovery: A process of integration . Addiction and Recovery , Nov-Dec. : 20 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Fry , P. 2001 . The unique contribution of key existential factors to the prediction of psychological well-being of older adults following spousal loss . Gerontologist , 41 : 69 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanter , M. 1997 . Spiritual recovery movements and contemporary medical care . Psychiatry , 60 : 211 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop , M. , Harris , J. , Best , D. , Man , L. , Manning , V. , Marshall , J. and Strang , J. 2003 . Is attendance at alcoholics anonymous meetings after inpatient treatment related to improved outcomes? A 6-month follow-up study . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 38 : 421 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granfield , R. and Cloud , W. 2001 . Social context and “natural recovery”: The role of social capital in the resolution of drug-associated problems . Substance Use and Misuse , 36 : 1543 – 1570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granfield , R. and Cloud , W. 1999 . Coming clean: Overcoming addiction without treatment , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , L. , Fullilove , M. and Fullilove , R. 1998 . Stories of spiritual awakenings: The nature of spirituality in recovery . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 15 : 325 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt , M. , Becerra , R. and Serafetinides , E. 1982 . Social networks and mental health: An overview . American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 : 977 – 984 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havassy , B. , Wasserman , D. and Hall , S. 1993 . Relapse to cocaine use: Conceptual issues. In cocaine treatment: Research & clinical perspectives , Research Monograph # 135 Rockville, MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
   Google Scholar
• Havassy , B. and Arns , P. 1998 . Relationship of cocaine and other substance dependence to well-being of high-risk psychiatric patients . Psychiatric Services , 49 : 935 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heintz , L. and Baruss , I. 2001 . Spirituality in late adulthood . Psychological Reports , 88 : 651 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , J. , Landis , K. and Umberson , D. 1988 . Social relationships and health . Science , 241 : 540 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K. , Wing , S. , McCarty , B. , Chappel , J. , Gallant , L. , Haberle , B. , Horvath , T. , Kaskutas , L. , Kirk , T. , Kivlahan , D. , Laudet , A. , McCrady , B. , McLellan , T. , Morgenstern , J. , Townsend , M. and Weiss , R. 2004 . Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems: Toward evidence-based practice and policy . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 26 : 151 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K. and Moos , R. 2001 . Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self-help groups reduce demand for health care: A quasi-experimental study . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 25 : 711 – 716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K. , Mankowski , E. , Moos , R. and Finney , J. 1999 . Do enhanced friendships networks and active coping mediate the effect of self-help groups on substance use? . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 21 : 54 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K. , Moos , R. and Cohen , C. 1997 . Social and community resources and long-term recovery from treated and untreated alcoholism . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 58 : 231 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K. and Noke , J. M. 1997 . The influence of post-treatment mutual help group participation on the friendship networks of substance abuse patients . American Journal of Community Psychology , 25 : 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , B. 2001 . A better kind of high: How religious commitment reduces drug use among poor urban teens , Center for Research and Urban Civil Society, University of Pennsylvania . Report #2001–2
   Google Scholar
• Jones , G. S. 1994 . The surrender experience in recovery from substance dependence: A multiple case study , Ann Arbor, MI : UMI Dissertation Services .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , A. 1993 . Self-help in America: A social movement perspective , New York, NY : Twayne .
   Google Scholar
• Kingree , J. and Thompson , M. 2000a . Mutual aid groups, perceived status benefits and well-being: A test with adult children of alcoholics with personal substance abuse problems . American Journal of Community Psychology , 28 : 325 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingree , J. B. and Thompson , M. 2000b . 12-step groups, attributions of blame for personal sadness, psychological well-being, and the moderating role of gender . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 30 : 499 – 517 .
   Google Scholar
• Klaw , E. and Humphreys , K. 2000 . Life stories of Moderation Management mutual help group members . Contemporary Drug Problems , 27 : 779 – 803 .
   Google Scholar
• Kline , R. B. 1998 . Principles and practice of structural equation modeling , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Kobasa , S. 1979 . Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig , H. , McCullough , M. and Larson , D. 2001 . Handbook of religion & health , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kondo , C. , Iimuro , T. , Iwai , K. , Kurata , K. , Kouda , M. , Tachikawa , H. , Nakashima , K. and Munakata , T. 2000 . ‘A study of recovery factor about drug addiction recovery center “DARC”’ . Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi , 35 : 258 – 70 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kus , R. , ed. 1995 . Spirituality and chemical dependency , New York : The Haworth Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Laudet , A. , Magura , S. , Vogel , H. and Knight , E. 2004 . Perceived reasons for substance use among persons with a psychiatric disorder . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 74 : 365 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet , A. and White , W. Correlates of 12-step affiliation in a community-based sample of former substance users . Poster Presented at the 66th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence . June 2004 , San Juan, Puerto Rico.
   Google Scholar
• Laudet , A. , Savage , R. and Mahmood , D. 2002 . Pathways to long-term recovery: A preliminary investigation . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 34 : 305 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet , A. , Magura , S. , Vogel , H. and Knight , E. 2000 . Support, mutual aid and recovery from dual diagnosis . Community Mental Health Journal , 36 : 457 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , E. and Targ , E. 2002 . Spiritual correlates of functional well-being in women with breast cancer . Integrated Cancer Therapies , 1 : 166 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin , N. 1986 . “ Conceptualizing social support ” . In Social support, life events and depression , Edited by: Lin , N. , Dean , A. and Ensel , W. 17 – 30 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Longbaugh , R. and Lewis , D. 1988 . Key issues in treatment outcome studies . Alcohol Health Research World , 12 : 168 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Margolis , R. , Kilpatrick , A. and Mooney , B. 2000 . A retrospective look at long-term adolescent recover: Clinicians talk to researchers . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 32 : 117 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew , R. , Georgi , J. , Wilson , W. and Mathew , V. 1996 . Retrospective study of the concept of spirituality as understood by recovering individuals . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 13 : 67 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , D. A. and Larson , D. B. 1995 . The Faith factor: An annotated bibliography of clinical research on spiritual subject , Vol. 3 , Rockville, MD : National Institute for Healthcare Research .
   Google Scholar
• McCrady , B. , Epstein , E. and Hirsch , L. 1996 . Issues in the implementation of a randomized clinical trial that includes Alcoholics Anonymous: Studying AA-related behaviors during treatment . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 57 : 604 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell , D. , Galanter , M. , Goldfarb , L. and Lifshutz , H. 1996 . Spirituality and the treatment of the dually diagnosed: An investigation of patient and staff attitudes . Journal of Addictive Disorders , 15 : 55 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntire , D. 2000 . How well does AA work? An analysis of published AA surveys (1968–1996) and related analyses/comments . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly , 18 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• McKay , J. , Merikle , E. , Mulvaney , F. , Weiss , R. and Kopenhaver , J. 2001 . Factors accounting for cocaine use two years following initiation of continuing care . Addiction , 96 : 213 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan , A. T. , Lewis , D. , O'Brien , C. and Kleber , H. 2000 . Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance and outcomes evaluation . Journal of the American Medical Association , 284 : 1689 – 1695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan , A. , Kushner , H. Metzger , D. 1992 . The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 9 : 199 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickley , J. , Soeken , K. and Belcher , A. 1992 . Spiritual well-being, religiousness and hope among women with breast cancer. Image . J. Nurs. Scholarsh. , 2 : 267 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , N. , Ninonuevo , F. , Klamen , D. and Hoffmann , N. 1997 . Integration of treatment and posttreatment variables in predicting results of abstinence-based outpatient treatment after one year . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 29 : 239 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , W. 1999 . Integrating spirituality into treatment , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , W. 1998 . Researching the spiritual dimensions of alcohol and other drug problems . Addiction , 93 : 979 – 990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , W. and Thoresen , C. 2003 . Spirituality, religion and health: An emerging research field . American Psychologist , 58 : 24 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , H. , Miller , W. and Tonigan , J. 1995 . Does Alcoholics Anonymous involvement predict treatment outcome? . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 12 : 241 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. 2003 . Addictive disorders in context: Principles and puzzles of effective treatment and recovery . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 17 : 3 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. , Finney , J. , Ouimette , P. and Suchinsky , R. 1999 . A comparative evaluation of substance abuse treatment: I. Treatment orientation, amount of care, and 1-year outcomes . Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research , 23 : 529 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgenstern , J. , Kahler , C. , Frey , R. and Labouvie , E. 1996 . Modeling therapeutic responses to 12-step treatment: Optimal responders, non-responders, and partial responders . Journal of Substance Abuse , 8 : 45 – 59 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgenstern , J. , Labouvie , E. , McCray , B. , Kahler , C. and Frey , R. 1997 . Affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous after treatment: A study of its therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 : 768 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morjaria , A. and Orford , J. 2002 . The role of religion and spirituality in recovery from drink problems: A qualitative study of Alcoholics Anonymous members and South Asian men . Addiction Research & Theory , 10 : 225 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ‘NIAAA’ . February 7 2000 . Studying spirituality and alcohol , February 7 , Washington, DC : Author . RFA: AA-00–002. Co-sponsored with the Fetzer Institute
   Google Scholar
• Nealon-Woods , M. , Ferrari , J. and Jason , L. 1995 . Twelve-step program use among Oxford House residents: Spirituality or social support in sobriety? . Journal of Substance Abuse , 7 : 311 – 318 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson , C. , Rosenfeld , B. , Breitbart , W. and Galietta , M. 2002 . Spirituality, religion, and depression in the terminally ill . Psychosomatics , 43 : 213 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , G. , Hall , G. B. , Squire , D. and Walsh-Bowers , R. 1992 . Social network transactions of psychiatric patients . Social Science and Medicine , 34 : 433 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noone , M. , Dua , J. and Markham , R. 1999 . Stress, cognitive factors, and coping resources as predictors of relapse in alcoholics . Addictive Behaviors , 24 : 687 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paloutzian , R. and Ellison , C. 1982 . “ Loneliness, spiritual well-being and qualify of life ” . In Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory research and therapy , Edited by: Peplau , L. and Perlman , D. New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Pardini , D. A. , Plante , T. G. , Sherman , A. and Stump , J. E. 2000 . Religious faith and spirituality in substance abuse recovery: Determining the mental health benefits . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 19 : 347 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , C. and Folkman , S. 1997 . Meaning in the context of stress and coping . General Review of Psychology , 1 : 115 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Peele , S. 1985 . The meaning of addiction: Compulsive experience and its interpretation , Lexington, MA : D. C. Heath .
   Google Scholar
• Project MATCH Research Group . 1997 . Matching alcoholism treatment to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH post-treatment drinking outcomes . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 58 : 7 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribisl , K. 1997 . The role of social networks in predicting substance abuse treatment outcome in a dual diagnosis sample . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Behavioral Medicine . 1997 , San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Richter , S. , Brown , S. and Mott , M. 1991 . The impact of social support and self-esteem on adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome . Journal of Substance Abuse , 3 : 317 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Riley , B. , Perna , R. , Tate , D. , Forchheimer , M. , Anderson , C. and Luera , G. 1998 . Types of spiritual well-being among persons with chronic illness: their relation to various forms of quality of life . Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation , 79 : 258 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolf , H. and Watts , J. 2002 . Quality of life in substance abuse and dependency . International Review of Psychiatry , 14 : 190 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumpf , H. , Bischof , G. , Hapke , U. , Meyer , C. and John , U. 2002 . The role of family and partnership in recovery from alcohol dependence: Comparison of individuals remitting with and without formal help . European Addiction Research , 8 : 122 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff , C. 1989 . Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 1069 – 1081 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumaker , J. 1992 . Religion and mental health , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan , D. , Lecrubier , Y. , Harnett-Sheehan , K. , Amorim , P. , Janavs , J. Weiller , E. 1998 . The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M. I. N. I.): The Development and Validation of a Structured Diagnostic Psychiatric Interview . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 59 : 22 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout , P. and Bolger , N. 2002 . Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations . Psychological Methods , 7 : 422 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner , H. 1982 . The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) . Addictive Behaviors , 7 : 363 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , K. and Larson , M. 2003 . Quality of life assessments by adult substance abusers receiving publicly funded treatment in Massachusetts . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 29 : 323 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel , M. 1982 . “ Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models ” . In Sociological methodology , Edited by: Leinhardt , S. 290 – 312 . Washington, DC : American Sociological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Speck , P. 2004 . Spiritual needs in health care may be distinct from religious ones and are integral to palliative care . BMJ , 329 : 124 – 126 . (17 JULY 2004 bmj.com)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart , C. 2001 . The influence of spirituality on substance use of college students . Journal of Drug Education , 31 ( 4 ) : 343 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. and Aspinwall , L. G. 1996 . “ Mediating and moderating processes in psychosocial stress ” . In Psychosocial stress , Edited by: Kaplan , H. B. 71 – 110 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. 1995 . Health psychology , New York : McGraw .
   Google Scholar
• Te Vaarwerk , M. and Gaal , E. A. 2001 . Psychological distress and quality of life in drug-using and non drug-using HIV-infected women . European Journal of Public Health , 11 : 109 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University . 2003 . The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University's analysis of 1999 CASA teen survey data , New York : The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University . (Unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University . 2001 . So help me God: Substance abuse, religion and spirituality , New York : The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University .
   Google Scholar
• The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University . 1998 . Under the rug: Substance abuse and the mature woman , New York : The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University .
   Google Scholar
• The WHOQOL Group . 1995 . The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization . Social Science and Medicine , 41 : 1403 – 1409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timko , C. , Moos , R. , Finney , J. and Lesar , M. 2000 . Long-term outcomes of alcohol use disorders: Comparing untreated individuals with thosein alcoholics anonymous and formal treatment . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 61 : 529 – 540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titus , J. , Dennis , M. , White , M. , Godley , S. , Tims , F. and Diamond , G. 2002 . An examination of adolescents' reasons for starting, quitting, and continuing to use drugs and alcohol following treatment . Poster presented at the 64th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problemsof Drug Dependence . June 8–13 2002 , Quebec City.
   Google Scholar
• Tonigan , J. , Miller , W. and Schermer , C. 2002 . Atheists, agnostics and Alcoholics Anonymous . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 63 : 534 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan , J. , Toscova , R. and Miller , W. 1996 . Meta-analysis of the literature on Alcoholics Anonymous: Sample and study characteristics moderate findings . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 57 : 65 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumbetta , S. , Mueser , K. , Quimby , E. , Bebout , R. and Teague , G. 1999 . Social networks and clinical outcomes of dually diagnosed homeless persons . Behavior Therapy , 30 : 407 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuang , M. , Williams , W. , Simpson , J. and Lyons , M. J. 2002 . Pilot study of spirituality and mental health in twins . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 : 486 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Underwood , L. and Teresi , J. 2002 . The Daily spiritual experience scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 24 : 22 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillant , G. 1983/1995 . The Natural history of alcoholism revisited , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vaillant , G. and Milofsky , E. 1992 . Natural history of male alcoholism: IV. Paths to recovery . Archives of General Psychiatry , 39 : 127 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan , F. , Wittine , B. and Walsh , R. 1998 . “ Transpersonal psychology and the religious person ” . In Religion and the clinical practice of psychology , Edited by: Shafranske , E. P. 483 – 509 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Vaux , A. 1988 . Social support: Theory, research, and intervention , NY : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Vaux , A. and Harrison , D. 1985 . Support network characteristics associated with support satisfaction and perceived support . American Journal of Community Psychology , 13 : 245 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventegodt , S. , Merrick , J. and Andersen , N. 2003 . Quality of life theory I. The IQOL theory: An integrative theory of the global quality of life concept . Scientific World Journal , 13 : 1030 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Ventegodt , S. and Merrick , J. 2003 . Psychoactive drugs and quality of life . Scientific World Journal , 18 : 694 – 706 .
   Google Scholar
• Volcan , S. , Sousa , P. , Mari , Jde J. and Horta , B. 2003 . Relationship between spiritual well-being and minor psychiatric disorders: A cross-sectional study . Revista Saude Publica , 37 : 440 – 445 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh , D. , Hingson , R. and Merrigan , D. 1991 . A randomized trial of treatment options for alcohol-abusing workers . The New England Journal of Medicine , 325 : 775 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , G. 2000 . Spontaneous Remission From Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Abuse: Seeking Quantitative Answers to Qualitative Questions . American Journal Drug Alcohol Abuse , 26 : 443 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , G. , Turner , N. and O'Dell , K. 2000 . Depressive symptoms, stress, and coping among women recovering from addiction . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 18 : 161 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisner , C. , Delucchi , K. , Matzger , H. and Schmidt , L. 2003 . The role of community services and informal support on five-year drinking trajectories of alcohol dependent and problem drinkers . Journal of Alcohol Studies , 64 : 862 – 873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , W. 2004 . Recovery: The next frontier . Counselor , 5 : 18 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• White , W. and Sanders , M. 2004 . Recovery management and people of color: Redesigning addiction treatment for historically disempowered communities Posted at http://www.bhrm.org
   Google Scholar
• White , W. , Boyle , M. and Loveland , D. 2003 . Recovery management: transcending the limitations of addiction treatment . Behavioral Health Management , 23 : 38 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• White , W. , Boyle , M. and Loveland , D. 2002 . Alcoholism/Addiction as chronic disease: From rhetoric to clinical reality . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly , 20 : 107 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Wills , T. , Yaeger , A. and Sandy , J. 2003 . Buffering Effect of Religiosity for Adolescent Substance Use . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 17 : 24 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winzelberg , A. and Humphreys , K. 1999 . Should patients' religiosity influence clinicians' referral to 12-step self-help groups? Evidence from a study of 3,018 male substance abuse patients . Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology , 67 : 790 – 794 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemore , S. and Kaskutas , L. 2004 . Helping, spirituality and alcoholics anonymous in recovery . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 65 : 383 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinnbauer , B. , Pargament , K. , Cole , B. , Rye , M. , Butter , E. , Belavich , T. , Hipp , K. , Scott , A. and Kadar , J. 1997 . Religion and spirituality; Unfuzzying the fuzzy . Journal of Scientific Study of Religion , 36 : 549 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar