90
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Critical Evaluation of Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Teenage Smokers

Pages 51-75 | Published online: 22 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Adams , E. H. and McGrath , P . 1998 . August) . Post-marketing surveillance of the Nicotrol® patch among school students. Presented at the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • Ahijevych , K. 1998 . Nicotine metabolism variability and nicotine addiction , IN : Nicotine-individual risk factors for initiation. Addicted to nicotine: A national Research Forum. National Institute of Drug Abuse. .
  • Albrecht , S. A. 1998 . August) . Short and long term effectiveness of smoking cessation in pregnant teens. Presented at the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). 1996 . Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with nicotine dependence. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 1 – 25 .
  • Anthony , J. C. , Warner , L. A. and Kessler , R. C. 1994 . Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 2 : 244 – 268 .
  • Balch , G. 1997 . August) . Youth focus groups on smoking cessation. CDC Youth Tobacco Use Cessation Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia
  • Benowitz , N. L. 1983 . Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. . New England Journal of Medicine , 19 : 1318 – 1330 .
  • Benowitz , N. L. 1991 . Nicotine replacement therapy during pregnancy. . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 266 : 3174 – 3177 .
  • Benowitz , N. L. 1993 . Nicotine replacement therapy. What has been accomplished can we do better? . Drugs , 45 : 157 – 170 .
  • Benowitz , N. L. 1997 . Treating tobacco addiction -nicotine or no nicotine? . The New England Journal of Medicine , 337 : 1230 – 1231 .
  • Benowitz , N. L. and Gourlay , S. G. 1997 . Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for nicotine replacement therapy. . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 29 : 1422 – 1431 .
  • Benowitz , N. L. , Porchet , H. , Sheiner , L. and Jacob , P. III . 1988 . Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: Comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. . Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 44 : 23 – 28 .
  • Bragg , E. J. 1997 . Pregnant adolescents with addictions. . Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing , 26 : 577 – 584 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1994a . Cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 1993. . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 43 : 925 – 930 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1994b . Reasons for tobacco use and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal among adolescent and young tobacco users-United States, 1993. . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 43 : 745 – 750 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1996 . Projected smoking-related deaths among youth-United States. . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 45 : 971 – 974 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1998 . Tobacco use among high school students-United States, 1997. . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 47 : 229 – 233 .
  • Chassin , L. , Presson , C. C. , Sherman , S. J. and Edwards , D. A. 1991 . Four pathways to young adult smoking status: Adolescent social-psychological antecedents in a midwestern community sample. . Health Psychology , 10 : 409 – 418 .
  • Dale , L. C. , Hurt , R. D. and Hays , J. T. 1998 . in press) . Pharmacologic treatment of nicotine dependence. Postgraduate Medicine
  • Dale , L. C. , Hurt , R. D. , Offord , K. P. , Lawson , G. M. , Croghan , I.T. and Schroeder , D. R. 1995 . High dose nicotine patch therapy: Percentage replacement and smoking cessation. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 274 : 1353 – 1358 .
  • Dappen , A. , Schwartz , R. H. and O'Donnell , R. 1996 . A survey of adolescent smoking patterns. . Journal of the American Board of Family Practice , 9 : 7 – 13 .
  • Davis , R. L. , Tollestrup , K. and Milham , S. Jr. 1990 . Trends in teenage smoking during pregnancy: Washington State, 1984–1988. . American Journal of Diseases of Children , 144 : 1297 – 1301 .
  • Dozois , D. N. , Farrow , J. A. and Miser , A. 1995 . Smoking patterns and cessation motivations during adolescence. . International Journal of the Addictions , 30 : 1485 – 1498 .
  • Dwyer , J. H. , Rieger-Ndakorerwa , G. E. , Semmer , N. K. , Fuchs , R. and Lippert , P. 1988 . Low level cigarette smoking and longitudinal change in serum cholesterol among adolescents. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 259 : 2857 – 2862 .
  • Eberman , K , Dale , L. and Patten , C.A. 1998 . in press) . Methods for counseling patients for tobacco cessation. Post Graduate Medicinem
  • Ershoff , D. H. , Quinn , V. P. , Mullen , P. D. and Lairson , D. R. 1990 . Pregnancy and medical cost outcomes of a self-help prenatal smoking cessation program in a HMO. . Public Health Reports , 105 : 340 – 247 .
  • Fagerstrom , K. O. , Schneider , N. G. and Lunell , E. 1993 . Effectiveness of nicotine patch and nicotine gum as individual versus combined treatments for tobacco withdrawal symptoms. . Psychopharmacology , 111 : 271 – 277 .
  • Fiore , M. C. , Bailey , W. C. and Cohen , S. J. 1996 . Smoking Cessation. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 18. , Rockville, MD : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No. 96–0692. .
  • Fiore , M. C. , Jorenby , D. E. , Baker , T. B. and Kenford , S. L. 1992 . Tobacco dependence and the nicotine patch. . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 268 : 2687 – 2694 .
  • Fiore , M. C. , Smith , S. S. , Jorneby , D. E. and Baker , T. B. 1994 . The effectiveness of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation. A meta-analysis. . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 271 : 1940 – 1947 .
  • George , H. and Gallup International Institute . 1992 . Teen-age attitudes and behavior concerning tobacco: Report of the findings. , Princeton, NJ : George H. Gallup International Institute. .
  • Gilman , A. G. , Goodman , L. S. , Rall , T. W. and Murad , F. 1985 . Goodman and Gilman's, The pharmacological basis of therapeutics , 7th Ed. , New York : Macmillan . ().
  • Glynn , T. J. , Greenwald , P. , Mills , S. M. and Manley , M. W. 1993 . Youth tobacco use in the United States-problems, progress, goals, and potential solutions. . Preventive Medicine , 22 : 568 – 575 .
  • Glynn , T. , Anderson , J. and Schwartz , L. 1991 . Tobacco-use reduction among high-risk youth: Recommendations of a National Cancer Institute Expert Advisory Panel. . Preventive Medicine , 20 : 279 – 291 .
  • Guyer , B. , Strobino , D. M. , Ventura , S. J. and Singh , G. K. 1995 . Annual summary of vital statistics -1994. . Pediatrics , 96 : 1029 – 1039 .
  • Hays , J. T. , Croghan , I. T. , Offord , K. P. , Hurt , R. D. , Schroeder , D. R. , Wolter , T. D. , Nides , M. A. and Davidson , M. 1999 . Over-the-counter nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation: Results from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled and open label trials. . American Journal of Public Health , 89 : 1701 – 1709 .
  • Henningfield , J. E. , Clayton , R. and Pollin , W. 1990 . Involvement of tobacco in alcoholism and illicit drug use. . British Journal of Addiction , 85 : 279 – 292 .
  • Henningfield , J. E. and Keenan , R. M. 1993 . Nicotine delivery kinetics and abuse liability. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 : 743 – 750 .
  • Henningfield , J. E. , Stapleton , J. M. , Benowitz , N. L. , Grayson , R. F. and London , E. D. 1993 . Higher levels of nicotine in arterial than in venous blood after cigarette smoking. . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 33 : 23 – 29 .
  • Hjalmarson , A. , Franzon , M. , Westin , A. and Wiklund , O. 1994 . Effect of nicotine nasal spray on smoking cessation. . Archives of Internal Medicine , 154 : 2567 – 2572 .
  • Hollis , J.R. , Vogt , T. M. , Stevens , V. , Biglan , A. , Severson , H. and Lichtenstein , E . 1994 . The Tobacco Reduction and Cancer Control (TRACC) Program: Team approaches to counseling in medical and dental settings 143 – 185 . . In: National Cancer Institute, Tobacco and the Clinician: Interventions for Medical and Dental Practice. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 5. NIH Pub. No. 94–3693. USDHHS
  • Hughes , J. R. 1991 . “ Long-term use of nicotine replacement therapy. ” . In New developments in nicotine delivery systems. , Edited by: Henningfield , J.E. and Stitzer , M.L. 64 – 71 . New York : Carlton .
  • Hughes , J. R. 1993a . Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: Unvalidated assumptions, anomalies, and suggestions for future research. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 : 751 – 760 .
  • Hughes , J. R. 1993b . Risk-benefit assessment of nicotine preparations in smoking cessation. . Drug Safety , 8 : 49 – 56 .
  • Hughes , J. R. 1996 . “ Treatment of nicotine dependence. ” . In Pharmacological aspects of drug dependence: Toward an integrative neurobehavioral approach: Handbook of experimental psychology series , Edited by: Schuster , D.R. , Gust , S. W. and Kuhar , M.J. Vol. 11 , 599 – 618 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Hughes , J. R. and Glaser , M. 1993 . Transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. . Health Values , 17 : 25 – 31 .
  • Hughes , J. R. and Hatsukami , D. K. 1992 . The nicotine withdrawal syndrome: A brief review and update. . International Journal of Smoking Cessation , 1 : 21 – 26 .
  • Hughes , J. R. , Higgins , S. T. and Hatsukami , D. 1990 . “ Effects of abstinence from tobacco: A critical review. ” . In Research advances in alcohol and drug problems , Edited by: Kozlowski , L.T. , Annis , H. M. , Cappell , H. D. , Glaser , F. B. , Goodstadt , M. S. , Israel , Y. , Kalant , H. , Sellers , E. M. and Vingilis , E. R . Vol. 10 , 317 – 398 . New York : Plenum .
  • Hurt , R. D. , Dale , L. C. , Croghan , G. A. , Croghan , I. T. , Gomez-Dahl , L. C. and Offord , K. P. 1998 . Nicotine nasal spray for smoking cessation: Pattern of use, side effects, relief of withdrawal symptoms, and cotinine levels. . Mayo Clinic Proceedings , 73 : 118 – 125 .
  • Hurt , R. D. , Lauger , G. G. , Offord , K. P. , Kottke , T. E. and Dale , L. C. 1990 . Nicotine replacement therapy with use of a transdermal nicotine patch. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. . Mayo Clinic Proceedings , 65 : 1529 – 1537 .
  • Kandel , D. , Chen , K. , Warner , L. A. , Kessler , R. C. and Grant , B. 1997 . Prevalence and demographic correlates of symptoms of last year dependence on alcohol, nicotine, marijuana and cocaine in the U. S. population . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 44 : 11 – 29 .
  • Kessler , D. 1995 . Nicotine addiction in young people. . New England Journal of Medicine , 333 : 186 – 189 .
  • Kornitzer , M. , Boutsen , M. , Dramaix , M. , Thijs , J. and Gustavsson , G. 1995 . Combined use of nicotine patch and gum in smoking cessation: A placebo-controlled clinical trial. . Preventive Medicine , 24 : 41 – 17 .
  • Kottke , T. , Solberg , L. , Brekke , M. , Conn , S. A. , Maxwell , P. and Brekke , M. J. 1992 . A controlled trial to integrate smoking cessation advice into primary care practice: Doctors helping smokers, Round III. . Journal of Family Practice , 34 : 701 – 708 .
  • Levenberg , P. and Elsterm , A. 1995 . Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS) , Chicago : American Medical Association Department of Adolescent Health .
  • Lunell , E. , Molander , L. and Leischow , S. 1995 . Effect of nicotine vapour inhalation on the relief of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. . European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 48 : 235 – 240 .
  • McGinnis , J. M. and Foerge , W. H. 1993 . Actual causes of death in the United States. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 270 : 2207
  • McNabb , M. E. , Ebert , R. V. and McCusker , K. 1982 . Plasma nicotine levels produced by chewing nicotine gum. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 248 : 865 – 868 .
  • McNeill , A. D. , West , R. J. , Jarvis , M. , Jackson , P. and Bryant , A. 1986 . Cigarette withdrawal symptoms in adolescent smokers. . Psychopharmacology , 90 : 533 – 536 .
  • Mitchell , A. 1997 . Nicotine replacement therapy on the NHS: Success rates of different smoking cessation treatments need to be compared. . British Medical Journal , 315 : 1381
  • Montalto , N. J. and Garrett , S. D. 1998 . Utilization of nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation. . Journal of the American Osteopathic Association , 98 : 160 – 164 .
  • Moss , A. J. , Allen , K. F. and Giovino , G. A. 1992 . “ Recent trends in adolescent smoking, smoking-uptake correlates, and expectations about the future ” . In Advance data from vital and health statistics. No. 221. , Hyattsville, MD : National Center for Health Statistics. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 93–1250. .
  • Myers , M. G. and Brown , S. A. 1994 . Smoking and health in substance abusing adolescents: A two-year follow-up. . Pediatrics , 93 : 561 – 566 .
  • McNeil Pharmaceuticals (Nicotrol®). 1996 . Nicotine nasal spray prescribing information , Fort Washington, Pennsylvania : McNeil Pharmaceuticals .
  • McNeil Pharmaceuticals (Nicotrol®). 1997 . Nicotine inhaler prescribing information , Fort Washington, Pennsylvania : McNeil Pharmaceuticals .
  • Oncken , C. A. , Hardardottir , H. , Hatsukami , D. K. , Lupo , V. R. , Rodis , J. F. and Smeltzer , J. S. 1997 . Effects of transdermal nicotine or smoking on nicotine concentrations and maternal-fetal hemodynamics. . Obstetrics and Gynecology , 90 : 569 – 574 .
  • Pallonen , U.E. , Velicer , W.F. , Prochaska , J.O. , Rossi , J.S. , Bellis , J.M. , Tsoh , J.Y. , Migneault , J.P. , Smith , N.F. and Prokhorov , A.V. 1998 . Computer-based cessation interventions in adolescents; Description, feasibility, and six-month follow-up findings. . Substance Use and Misuse , 33 : 1 – 31 .
  • Palmer , K. H. and Faulds , D. 1992 . Transdermal nicotine: A review of its pharmaco-dynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use as an aid to smoking cessation. . Drugs , 44 : 498 – 529 .
  • Patten , C. A. and Martin , J. E. 1996 . Does nicotine withdrawal affect smoking cessation? Clinical and theoretical issues. . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 18 : 190 – 200 .
  • Pederson , L. L. , Koval , J. J. and O'Connor , K. 1997 . Are psychosocial factors related to smoking in grade-6 students? . Addictive Behaviors , 22 : 169 – 181 .
  • Pierce , J. , Farkas , A. and Evans , N. 1993 . Tobacco use in California 1992: a focus on preventing uptake in adolescents. , Sacramento : California Department of Human Services. .
  • Pirie , P. L. , Murray , D. M. and Luepker , R. V. 1988 . Smoking prevalence in a cohort of adolescents, including absentees, dropouts, and transfers. . American Journal of Public Health , 78 : 176 – 178 .
  • Prokhorov , A. V. , Pallonen , U. E. , Fava , J. L. , Ding , L. and Niaura , R. 1996 . Measuring nicotine dependence among high-risk adolescent smokers. . Addictive Behaviors , 21 : 117 – 127 .
  • Resnick , M. D. , Bearman , P. S. , Blum , R. W. , Bauman , K. E. , Harris , K. M. , Jones , J. , Tabor , J. , Beuhring , T. , Sieving , R. , Shew , M. , Ireland , M. , Bearinger , L. H. and Udry , J. R. 1997 . Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 278 : 823 – 832 .
  • Rojas , N. L. , Killen , J. D. , Haydel , K. F. and Robinson , T. N. 1998 . Nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 152 : 151 – 156 .
  • Rose , J. S. , Chassin , L. , Presson , C. C. and Sherman , S. J. 1996 . Prospective predictors of quit attempts and smoking cessation in young adults. . Health Psychology , 15 : 261 – 268 .
  • Rose , J. S. and Corrigall , W. A. 1997 . Nicotine self-administration in animals and humans: Similarities and differences. . Psychopharmacology , 130 : 28 – 40 .
  • Sarason , I. G. , Mankowski , E. S. , Peterson , A. V. and Dinh , K. T. 1992 . Adolescent's reasons for Smoking. . Journal of School Health , 62 : 185 – 190 .
  • Sargent , J. D. , Mott , L. A. and Stevens , M. 1998 . Predictors of smoking cessation in adolescents. . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 152 : 388 – 393 .
  • Schneider , N. G. , Olmstead , R. , Mody , F. V. , Doan , K. , Franzon , M. , Jarvik , M. E. and Steinberg , C. 1995 . Efficacy of a nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation-A placebo-controlled double-blind trial. . Addiction , 90 : 1671 – 1682 .
  • Scholl , T. O. , Salmon , R. W. and Miller , L. K. 1986 . Smoking and adolescent pregnancy outcome. . Journal of Adolescent Health Care , 7 : 390 – 394 .
  • Slade , J. 1993 . Adolescent nicotine use and dependence. . Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews , 4 : 305 – 320 .
  • Smith , T. A. , House , R. F. Jr. , Croghan , I. T. , Gauvin , T. R. , Colligan , R. C. , Offord , K. P. , Gomez-Dahl , L. C. and Hurt , R. D. 1996 . Nicotine patch therapy in adolescent smokers. . Pediatrics , 98 : 659 – 667 .
  • Stanton , W. R. , Lowe , J. B. and Silva , P. A. 1995 . Antecedents of vulnerability and resilience to smoking among adolescents. . Journal of Adolescent Health , 16 : 71 – 77 .
  • Stone , S.L. and Kristeller , J.L. 1992 . Attitudes of adolescents toward smoking cessation. . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 8 : 185 – 190 .
  • Sussman , S. 1997 . August) . Youth smoking cessation trials: Lessons learned. CDC Youth Tobacco Use Cessation Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia
  • Sussman , S. , Dent , C. W. , Severson , H. H. , Burton , D. and Flay , B. R. 1998 . Self-initiated quitting among adolescent smokers. . Preventive Medicine , 27 : A19 – A28 .
  • Sussman , S. , Lichtman , K. , Ritt , A. and Pallonen , U. 1998a . Effects of thirty-four adolescent tobacco use and prevention trials on regular users of tobacco products. . Substance Use and Misuse , 34 : 1469 – 1503 .
  • Sutherland , G. , Russell , M. A. H. , Stapleton , J. , Feyerabend , C. and Ferno , O. 1992b . Nasal nicotine spray: A rapid nicotine delivery system. . Psychopharmacology , 108 : 512 – 518 .
  • Sutherland , G. , Stapleton , J. A. , Russell , M. A. H. , Jarvis , M. J. , Hajek , P. , Belcher , M. and Feyerabend , C. 1992a . Randomized controlled trial of nasal nicotine spray in smoking cessation. . Lancet , 340 : 324 – 329 .
  • Tonnesen , P. , N⊘rregaard , J. , Mikkelsen , K. , Jorgensen , S. and Nilsson , F. 1993 . A double-blind trial of a nicotine inhaler for smoking cessation. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 269 : 1268 – 1271 .
  • Tonnesen , P. , N⊘rregaard , J. , Simonsen , K. and Sawe , U. 1991 . A double-blind trial of a 16-hour transdermal nicotine patch in smoking cessation. . New England Journal of Medicine , 325 : 311 – 315 .
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1984 . The health consequences of smoking: Chronic obstructive lung disease 84 – 50205 . . A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, D.C., US DHHS, Public Health Service. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) -
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1987 . Drug abuse and drug abuse research, triennial report to Congress from the Secretary , Department of Health and Human Services .
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . National Institute on Drug Abuse , Washington, DC : U. S. Government Printing Office . DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 87–1486
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1988 . The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction. A report of the U. S. Surgeon General. , Washington, DC : U. S. Government Printing Office. . DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88–8406
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1990 . The health benefits of smoking cessation. A report of the Surgeon General, 1990. , Rockville, MD : Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, Office on Smoking and Health. . DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 90–8416
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1994 . “ Preventing tobacco use among young people: A report of the Surgeon General ” . In U.S. Public Health Service. , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health .
  • Wills , T. A. , McNamara , G. , Vaccaro , D. and Hirky , A.E. 1996 . Escalated substance use: A longitudinal grouping from early to middle adolescence. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 105 : 16 – 180 .
  • Wright , L. N. , Thorp , J. M. Jr. , Kuller , J. A. , Shrewsbury , R. P. , Ananth , C. and Hartmann , K. 1997 . Transdermal nicotine replacement in pregnancy: Maternal pharmacokinetics and fetal effects. . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 176 : 1090 – 1094 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.