Variations in the Contents of Crude Protein, Total and Free Amino Acids of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Reared at Different Stocking Densities

References

• AOAC. 1990 . Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, , 13th ed. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Baardvik , B. M. and Jobling , M. 1990 . Effect of size-sorting on biomass gain and individual growth rates in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus L . Aquaculture , 90 : 11 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackburn , S. 1968 . Amino Acid Determination: Methods and Techniques , 21 New York, NY : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , M. L. and Murphy , B. R. 1991 . Relationship of relative weight (Wr) to proximate composition of juvenile striped bass and hybrid striped bass . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 120 : 509 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , W. K.M. , Decker , E. A. , Chow , C. K. and Boissonneault , G. A. 1994a . Effect of dietary carnosine on plasma and tissue antioxidant concentrations and on lipid oxidation in rat skeletal muscle . Lipids , 29 : 461 – 466 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan , W. K.M. , Decker , E. A. , Lee , J. B. and Butterfield , D. A. 1994b . EPR spin-trapping studies of the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of carnosine and related dipeptides . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 42 : 1407 – 1410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrashekar , K. and Deosthale , Y G. 1993 . Proximate composition, amino acid, mineral, and trace element content of the edible muscle of 20 Indian fish species . J. Food Comp. Anal. , 6 : 195 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Connell , J. J. and Howgate , P. F. 1959 . The amino acid composition of some British food fishes . J. Sei. Food Agric. , 10 : 241 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Cowey , C. B. and Walton , M. J. 1989 . “ Intermediary metabolism ” . In Fish Nutrition , Edited by: Halver , J. E. 260 – 331 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , A. S. and Grimm , A. S. 1980 . Quantitative seasonal changes in the protein, lipid and energy content of carcass, ovaries and liver of adult female plaice, Pleuronectesplatessa L . J. Fish Biol. , 16 : 493 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dygert , P H. 1990 . Seasonal changes in energy content and proximate composition associated with somatic growth and reproduction in a representative age-class of female english sole . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. Soc. , 119 : 791 – 801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerlund , U. H.M. , McBride , J. R. and Stone , E. T. 1981 . Stress-related effects of hatchery rearing density on coho salmon . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 110 : 644 – 649 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. 1974 . Amino Acid Content of Foods , Nutr. Stud., No. 24 Rome, , Italy : Food and Agricultural Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Gatlin , D. M. III. 1987 . Whole-body amino acid composition and comparative aspects of amino acid nutrition of goldfish, golden shiner and fathead minnow . Aquaculture , 60 : 223 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haard , N. F . 1992 . Control of chemical composition and food quality attributes of cultured fish . Food Res. Internatl. , 25 : 289 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , G. M. and Ahmad , N. H. 1992 . “ Functional properties of fish-protein hydrolysates ” . In Fish Processing Technology , Edited by: Hall , G. M. 249 – 274 . New York, NY : VCH Publishers, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hata , M. , Sato , Y , Yamaguchi , T. , Ito , M. and Kuno , Y . 1988 . The chemical composition and amino acid composition of tissues of cultured and wild Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 54 : 1365 – 1370 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirano , T. , Nakamura , H. and Suyama , M. 1980 . Quality of wild and cultured ayu-II Seasonal variation of proximate composition . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 46 : 75 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Lies , I. D. 1984 . “ Allocation of resources to gonad and soma in Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus L ” . In Fish Reproduction , Edited by: Potts , G. W. and Wootten , R. J. 331 – 347 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , S. E. and Birch , G. G. 1992 . An intensity/time study of the taste of amino acids . Chemical Senses , 17 : 151 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laidley , C. W. and Leatherland , J. P . 1988 . Cohort sampling, anaesthesia and stocking density effects on plasma cortisol, thyroid hormone, metabolite and ion levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson . J. Fish Biol. , 33 : 73 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love , R. M. 1980 . The Chemical Biology of Fishes , Vol. II , 8 – 66 . New York, NY : Academic Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Metusalach , J. , Brown , A. and Shahidi , F . 1999 . Effects of stocking density on composition and performance of reared Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) . J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. , 8 ( 2 ) : 39 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Morishita , T. , Uno , K. , Araki , T. and Takahashi , T. 1989 . Comparison of the fatty acid compositions in cultured red sea bream differing in the localities and culture methods, and those in wild fish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 55 : 847 – 852 .
   Google Scholar
• Nettleton , J. A. January/February 1990 . “ Comparing nutrients in wild and farmed fish ” . In Aquaculture Magazine January/February , 34 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Niimi , A. J. 1972 . Changes in the proximate body composition of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with starvation . Can. J. Zool. , 50 : 815 – 819 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penke , B. , Ferenczi , R. and Kovacs , K. 1974 . A new acid hydrolysis method for determining tryptophan in peptides and proteins . Anal. Biochem. , 60 : 45 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigott , G. M. and Tucker , B. W. 1990 . Seafood: Effects of Technology on Nutrition , 362 New York, NY : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Reinitz , G. 1983 . Relative effect of age, diet, and feeding rate on the body composition of young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) . Aquaculture , 35 : 19 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitz , J. 1971 . Effects of starvation on body protein utilization of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus, Rafinesque) with a calculation of caloric requirements . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 100 : 18 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahidi , F . 1994a . “ Protein from seafood processing discards ” . In Seafood Proteins , Edited by: Sikorski , Z. E. , Sun-Pan , B. and Shahidi , F. 171 – 193 . New York, NY : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Shahidi , F . 1994b . “ Seafood processing by-products ” . In Seafoods: Chemistry, Processing Technology and Quality , Edited by: Shahidi , F. and Botta , J. R. 320 – 334 . London : Blackie Academic and Professional .
   Google Scholar
• Shahidi , F. , Synowiecki , J. and Naczk , M. 1990 . Seal meat-A potential source of muscle food: Chemical composition, essential amino acids and colour characteristics . Can. Inst. Food Sei. Technol. J. , 23 : 137 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Shahidi , F , Naczk , M. , Pegg , R. B. and Synowiecki , J. 1991 . Chemical composition and nutritional value of processing discards of cod (Gadus morhua) . Food Chem. , 42 : 145 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahidi , F , Synowiecki , J. and Penney , R. W. 1993 . Pigmentation of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) by dietary carotenoids . J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. , 2 : 99 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Sikorski , Z. E. , Kolakowska , A. and Burst , J. R. 1990a . “ Post-harvest biochemical and microbial changes ” . In Seafood: Resources, Nutritional Composition and Preservation , Edited by: Sikorski , Z. E. 55 – 75 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sikorski , Z. E. , Kolakowski , A. and Sun-Pan , B. 1990b . “ The nutritive compostion of the major groups of marine foods organisms ” . In Seafood: Resources, Nutritional Composition and Preservation , Edited by: Sikorski , Z. E. 29 – 54 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Suyama , M. , Krano , T and Okada , N. 1977 . Quality of wild and cultured ayu-I. On the proximate composition, free amino acids and related compounds . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi , 43 : 535 – 540 .
   Google Scholar
• Synowiecki , J. , Shahidi , F and Penney , R. W. 1993 . Nutrient composition of meat and uptake of carotenoids by Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) . J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. , 2 ( 3 ) : 37 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Tidwel , J. H. and Robinette , H. R. 1990 . Changes in proximate and fatty acid composition of fillets from channel catfish during a two-year growth period . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 119 : 31 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. P . 1989 . “ Amino acids and proteins ” . In Fish Nutrition , Edited by: Halver , J. E. 112 – 153 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yamanaka , H. 1989 . Changes in polyamines and amino acids in scallop adductor muscle during storage . J. Food Sei. , 54 : 1133 – 1135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar