The Continuing Gender Gap in Later Life Economic Security

References

• American Association of Retired Persons, Women's Initiative. 1993 . Women, pensions & divorce: Small reforms that could make a big difference , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Burkhauser , R. V. and Holden , K. C. , eds. 1982 . A challenge to Social Security: The changing roles of women and men in American society , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burkhauser , R. V. and Quinn , J. F. 1997 . Pro-work policy proposals for older Americans in the 21st century , Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Center for Policy Research . Policy Brief No 9/1997
   Google Scholar
• Burkhauser , R. V. and Smeeding , T. M. 1994 . Social Security reform: A budget neutral approach to reducing older women's disproportionate risk of poverty , Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Center for Policy Research . Policy Brief No 2/1994
   Google Scholar
• Choudhury , S. and Leonesio , M. V. 1997 . Life cycle aspects of poverty among older women . Social Security Bulletin , 60 ( 2 ) : 17 – 36 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Congressional Budget Office, Congress of the United States . 1986 . Earnings sharing options for the Social Security system , Washington, DC : USGPO .
   Google Scholar
• Crimmins , E. M. , Reynolds , S. L. and Saito , Y. 1999 . Trends in health and ability to work among the older working-age population . Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences , 54B ( 1 ) : S31 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Crown , W. H. , Mutschler , P. H. , Schulz , J. H. and Loew , R. 1993 . The economic status of divorced older women , Waltham, MA : Heller School, Brandeis University .
   Google Scholar
• Dalaker , J. and Naifeh , M. 1998 . Poverty in the United States: 1997 , Washington, DC : USGPO . U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P60–201
   Google Scholar
• Feuerbach , E. J. and Erdwins , C. J. 1994 . Women's retirement: The influence of work history . Journal of Women and Aging , 6 ( 3 ) : 69 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington , Meyer M. 1996 . Making claims as workers or wives: The distribution of Social Security benefits . American Sociological Review , 61 : 449 – 465 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , R. W. , Sambamoorthi , U. and Crystal , S. 1999 . Gender differences in pension wealth: Estimates using provider data . The Gerontologist , 39 ( 3 ) : 320 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingson , E. R. and O'Grady-LeShane , R. 1993 . The effects of caregiving on women's Social Security benefits . The Gerontologist , 33 ( 2 ) : 230 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korczyk , S. M. 1993 . “ Gender issues in employer pensions policy. ” . In Pensions in a changing economy , Edited by: Burkhauser , R. V. and Salisbury , D. L. 59 – 65 . Washington, DC : Employee Benefit Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Midgely , J. 1996 . “ Challenges facing Social Security. ” . In Challenges to Social Security: An international exploration , Edited by: Midgely , J. and Tracy , M. B. 1 – 18 . Westport, CT : Auburn House .
   Google Scholar
• Minkler , M. and Stone , R. 1985 . The feminization of poverty and older women . The Gerontologist , 25 ( 4 ) : 351 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn , J. 1999 . Retirement patterns and bridge jobs in the 1990s , Washington, DC : Employee Benefit Research Benefit Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Reno , V. P. 1993 . “ The role of pensions in retirement income ” . In Pensions in a changing economy , Edited by: Burkhauser , R. V. and Salisbury , D. L. 19 – 32 . Washington, DC : Employee Benefit Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Rix , S. E. and Williamson , J. B. 1998 . Social Security reform: How might women fare , Washington, DC : AARP Public Policy Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Ruhm , C. J. 1990 . “ Career jobs, bridge employment, and retirement. ” . In Bridges to retirement: Older workers in a changing labor market , Edited by: Doeringer , P. B. 92 – 107 . Ithaca, NY : Cornell University/ILR Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sandell , S. H. and Iams , H. M. 1994 . Caregiving and women's Social Security benefits: A comment on Kingson and O'Grady-LeShane . The Gerontologist , 34 ( 5 ) : 680 – 684 .
   Google Scholar
• Sandell , S. H. and Iams , H. M. 1997 . Reducing women's poverty by shifting Social Security Benefits from retired couples to widows . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , 16 ( 2 ) : 279 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , L. B. and Yi , H. 1997 . How elderly women become poor: Findings from the New Beneficiary Data System . Social Security Bulletin , 60 ( 4 ) : 46 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Social Security Administration. 1994 . Annual statistical supplement, 1994 , Washington, DC : USGPO .
   Google Scholar
• Social Security Administration . 1995 . Annual statistical supplement, 1995 , Washington, DC : USGPO .
   Google Scholar
• Social Security Administration . 1998 . Women and retirement security /Cited 8/23/99 from http://www.ssa.gov/policy/womenrs.html
   Google Scholar
• Stapf , H. 1997 . “ Old age poverty in selected countries of the European Union Are women disproportionally affected? ” . In Income inequality and poverty in eastern and western Europe , Edited by: Ott , N. and Wagner , G. G. Heidelberg : Physica-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. A. 1997 . The economic well-being of Social Security beneficiaries, with an emphasis on divorced beneficiaries . Social Security Bulletin , 60 ( 4 ) : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar