Heavy Metal and Microbial Contamination of Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) Roots Grown in Soil Treated with Sewage Sludge

REFERENCES

• Abdel-Sabour , M. F. , Abdel-Haleem , A. S. , Sroor , A. , Abdel-Baset , N. and Zaghoul , R. A. 1998 . Accumulation of heavy metals in two seed crops due to soil contamination as determined by neutron activation analysis techniques. . Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) , 10 : 245 – 251 .
   Google Scholar
• Ali , E. A. , Ibrahim , Y. H. and Nasralla , M. M. 1992 . Contamination of the agricultural land due to industrial activities southern of greater Cairo. . Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substances Control , 27 ( 5 ) : 1293 – 1304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anon . 2001 . The Safe Sludge Matrix. Guidelines for the application of sewage sludge to agricultural land, , 3rd Edition , ADAS Publications . April 2001.;AMPU 1234/ C/2. ADAS Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Notts, NG20 9PF, UK
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 2002a . Proposal for Amending the Directive 2001/83/EC as Regards Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products. 2002/0008 , Brussels : European Commission . 17th January 2002
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 2003 . Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. EUROPAM The European Herb Growers Association GAP/ GWP Subcommittee. Brussels, 24th November 2004, working copy No. 7
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 2004a . Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive. Directive 2004/24/EC of 31 March 2004, amending as regards herbal medicinal products, Directive 2001/83/E Con the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 2004b . Revised Draft: Good Manufacturing Practices: Updated Supplementary Guidelines for the Manufacture of Herbal Medicinal Products. , World Health Organisation, Traditional Medicine, Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy . July 2004, Working document QAS/04.050/Rev.1
   Google Scholar
• Archer , J. 1985 . Crop Nutrition and Fertiliser Use. , Suffolk, , UK : Farming Press Ltd . ISBN 0-85236-146-7
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , J. 2003 . Quality, efficacy and safety of complementary medicines: Fashions, facts and the future. Part 1. Regulation and Quality. . British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 55 : 226 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldas , E. D. and Machado , L. L. 2004 . Cadmium, mercury and lead in medicinal herbs in Brazil. . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 42 : 599 – 603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , T. , Wei , C. , Huang , Z. , Huang , Q. , Lu , Q. and Fan , Z. 2002 . Arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and its arsenic accumulation. . Chinese Science Bulletin , 47 ( 11 ) : 902 – 905 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chizzola , R. , Michitsch , H. and Franz , C. 2003 . Monitoring of metallic micro-nutrients and heavy metals in herbs, spices and medicinal plants from Austria. . European Food Research and Technology , 216 ( 5 ) : 407 – 411 .
   Google Scholar
• Chunilall , V. , Kindness , A. and Jonnalagadda , S. B. 2005 . Heavy metal uptake by two edible Amaranthus herbs grown in soils contaminated with lead, mercury, cadmium and nickel. . Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes , 40 ( 2 ) : 375 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deans , S. G. , Svoboda , K. P. and Ritchie , G. A. 1988 . Changes in microflora during oven-drying of culinary herbs. . Journal of Horticultural Science , 63 : 137 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbabin , D. W. , Tallis , G. A. and Popplewell , P. Y. 1992 . Lead poisoning from Indian herbal medicine. . Medical Journal of Australia , 157 : 835 – 836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwivedi , S. K. and Dey , S. 2002 . Medicinal herbs; a potential source of toxic metal exposure for man and animals in India. . Archives of Environmental Health , 57 ( 3 ) : 229 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halt , M. 1998 . Moulds and mycotoxins in herb tea and medicinal plants. . European Journal of Epidemiology , 14 ( 3 ) : 269 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Houghton , P. J. 1988 . The biological activity of valerian and related plants. . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 22 : 121 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeliazkova , E. A. and Craker , L. E. 2002 . Seed germination of some medicinal and aromatic plants in a heavy metal environment. . Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants , 10 ( 2 ) : 105 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Kolb , N. 1999 . Microbiological status of untreated herbal materials. . Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau , 95 : 263 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathé , Á. and Franz , C. 1999 . Good Agricultural Practice and the quality of phytomedicines. . Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants , 6 ( 3 ) : 101 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Olujohungbe , A. , Fields , P. A. and Sandford , A. F. 1994 . Heavy metal intoxication from homeopathic and herbal remedies. . Postgraduate Medical Journal , 70 : 764 – 769 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radanovic , D. , Antic-Mladenovic , S. and Jakovljevic , M. 2002 . Influence of some soil characteristics on heavy metal content in Hypericum perforatum L. and Achillea milefolium L. . Acta Horticulturae , 576 : 295 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Saper , R. B. , Kales , S. N. , Paquin , J. , Burns , M. J. , Eisenberg , D. M. , David , R. B. and Phillips , R. S. 2004 . Heavy metal content of Ayurvedic herbal medicine products. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 292 : 2868 – 2873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Q-R. , Cui , Y-S. , Liu , X-M. , Dong , Y-T. and Christie , P. 2003 . Soil contamination and plant uptake of heavy metals at polluted sites in China. . Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Science and Engineering , 38 ( 5 ) : 823 – 838 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weightman , R. M. 2005 . Exploiting the Potential for UK Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Herbs Through Optimised Process and Production Methods. Final report on project NF0508 , for the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . March 2005
   Google Scholar
• Zheljazkov , V. D. , Jeliazkova , E. A. and Craker , L. E. 1999 . Heavy metal uptake by mint. . Acta Horticulturae , 500 : 111 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Zheljazkov , V. D. and Nielsen , N. E. 1996 . Effect of heavy metals on peppermint and cornmint. . Plant and Soil , 178 ( 1 ) : 59 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar