Immunoregulatory Functions of Breast Milk and Development of the Infant Intestinal Mucosa Immune Response

References

• Aggett , P. J. , Haschke , F. , Heine , W. , Hernell , O. , Koletzko , B. , Rey , J. , Rubino , A. , Schoch , G. , Senterre , J. and Strobel , S. 1993 . Comment on antigen-reduced infant formulae. ESPGAN Committee on Nutrition . Acta. Paediatr. , 82 : 314 – 319 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arvola , T. , Rantala , I. , Martinen , A. and Isolauri , E. 1992 . Early dietary antigens delay the development of gut mucosal barrier in preweaning rats . Pediatr. Res. , 32 : 301 – 305 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auricchio , S. , Follo , D. , de-Ritis , G. , Giunta , A. , Marzorati , D. , Prampolini , L. , Ansaldi , N. , Levi , P. , Dall'Olio , D. and Bossi , A. 1983 . Does breast feeding protect against the development of clinical symptoms of celiac disease in childhood? . J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. , 2 : 428 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balda , M. S. , Fallon , M. B. , Van Itallie , C. M. and Anderson , J. M. 1992 . Structure, regulation, and pathophysiology of tight junctions in the gastrointestinal tract . Yale J. Biol. Med. , 65 : 725 – 735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benlounes , N. , Dupont , C. , Candalh , C. , Blaton , M. A. , Darmon , N. , Desjeux , J. F. and Heyman , M. 1996 . The threshold for immune cell activity to milk antigens decreased in cow's milk allergy with intestinal symptoms . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 98 : 781 – 789 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergstrand , O. and Hellers , G. 1983 . Breast-feeding during infancy in patients who later develop Crohns disease . Scand. J. Gastroenterol. , 18 : 903 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskaram , P. and Reddy , V. 1981 . Bactericidal activity of human milk leukocytes . Acta. Paediatrica Scand. , 70 : 87 – 90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bland , P. 1988 . MHC class II expression by the gut epithelium . Immunol. Today , 9 : 174 – 178 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blau , H. , Passwell , J. H. , Levanon , M. , Davidson , J. , Kohen , F. and Ramot , B. 1983 . Studies on human milk macrophages . Effect of activation on phagocytosis and secretion of prostaglandin E2 and lysozyme. Pediatr. Res. , 17 : 241 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Britton , J. R. and Koldovsky , O. 1989 . Development of luminal protein digestion: Implication for biologically active dietary polypeptides . J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. , 9 : 144 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buddington , R. K. 1994 . Nutrition and ontogenetic development of the intestine . Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 72 : 251 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Businco , L. , Dreborg , S. , Einarsson , R. , Ciampietro , P. G. , Host , A. , Keller , K. M. , Strobel , S. , Wahn , U. , Fjorksten , B. and Kjellman , M. N. 1993 . Hydrolyzed cow's milk formulae: Allergenicity and use for treatment and prevention . An ESPACI position paper. Pediatr. Allerg. Immunol. , 3 : 101 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Cavallo , M. G. , Fava , D. , Monetini , L. , Barone , F. and Pozzilli , P. 1996 . Cell-mediated immune response to beta casein in recent onset-insulin-dependent diabetes: Implications for disease pathogenesis . Lancet , 348 : 926 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerf-Bensussan , N. , Quaroni , A. , Kurnick , J. T. and Bhan , A. K. 1984 . Intraepithelial lymphocytes modulate Ia expression by intestinal epithelial cells . J. Immunol. , 132 : 2244 – 2252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. , Kuchroo , V. K. and Inobe , J. 1994 . Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: Suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis . Science , 256 : 1237 – 1240 .
   Google Scholar
• Christ , M. , McCartney-Francis , N. L. , Kulkarni , A. B. , Ward , J. M. , Mizel , D. E. , Mackall , C. L. , Gress , R. E. , Hines , K. L. , Tian , H. and Karlsson , S. 1994 . Immune dysregulation in TGF-β1-deficient mice . J. Immunol. , 153 : 1936 – 1946 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffman , R. L. , Lebman , D. A. and Shrader , B. 1989 . Transforming growth factor β specifically enhances IgA production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine B lymphocytes . J. Exp. Med. , 170 : 1039 – 1044 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , D. A. and Bark , R. R. 1991 . Isolation and characterisation of milk growth factor, a transforming-growth-factor-β 2-related polypeptide, from bovine milk . Eur. J. Biochem. , 197 : 353 – 358 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crouch , S. R.M. , Slater , K. Y. and Fletcher , Y. 1992 . Regulation of cytokine release from mononuclear cells bythe iron-binding protein lactoferrin . Blood , 90 : 235 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Cummins , A. G. , Steele , T. W. , LaBrooy , J. T. and Shearman , D. J.C. 1988 . Maturation of the rat small intestine at weaning: Changes in epithelial cell kinetics, bacterial flora, and mucosal immune activity . Gut , 29 : 1672 – 1679 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donnet-Hughes , A. , Schiffrin , E. J. and Huggett , A. C. 1995 . Expression of MHC antigens by intestinal epithelial cells. Effect of transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β 2) . Clin. Exp. Immunol. , 99 : 240 – 244 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donovan , S. M. and Odle , J. 1994 . Growth factors in milk as mediators of infant development . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 14 : 147 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eglinton , B. A. , Roberton , D. M. and Cummins , A. G. 1994 . Phenotype of T cells, their soluble receptor levels, and cytokine profile of human breast milk . Immunol. Cell Biol. , 72 : 306 – 313 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellison , R. T. , Giehl , T. J. and Lofore , F. M. 1988 . Damage of the outer membrane of enteric gram negative bacteria by lactoferrin and transferrin . Infect. Immunol. , 56 : 2774 – 2781 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elson , C. O. and Zivny , J. 1996 . “ Oral tolerance: A commentary. ” . In Essentials of mucosal immunology , Edited by: Kagnoff , M. F. and Kiyono , H. 543 – 561 . San Diego, , USA : Academic Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Garofalo , R. , Chheda , S. , Mei , F. , Palkowetz , K. H. , Rudloff , H. E. , Schmalstieg , F. C. , Rassin , D. K. and Goldman , A. S. 1995 . Interleukin-10 in human milk . Pediatr. Res. , 37 : 444 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldblum , R. M. , Ahlstedt , S. , Carlsson , B. , Hanson , L. A. , Jodal , U. , Lidin-Janson , G. and Sohl-Akerlund , A. 1975 . Antibody forming cells in human colostrum after oral immunization . Nature , 257 : 797 – 799 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman , A. S. , Garza , C. , Nichols , B. L. and Goldblum , R. M. 1982 . Immunologic factors in human milk during the first year of lactation . J. Pediatr. , 100 : 563 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman , A. S. , Rudloff , H. E. and Schmalstieg , F. C. 1991 . “ Are cytokines in human milk? ” . In Immunology of Milk and the Neonate, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology , Edited by: Mestecky , J. , Blair , C. and Ogra , P. L. 93 – 97 . New York, NY : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. D. , Hirokawa , M. and Horwitz , D. A. 1994 . The role of transforming growth factor β in the generation of suppression: An interaction between CD8+ T and NK cells . J. Exp. Med. , 180 : 1937 – 1942 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanson , D. G. 1981 . Ontogeny of orally induced tolerance to soluble proteins in mice: 1 . Priming and tolerance in newborns. J. Immunol. , 127 : 1518 – 1524 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanson , L. A. , Ahlstedt , S. , Andersson , B. , Carlsson , B. , Fallstrom , S. P. , Mellander , L. , Porras , O. , Soderstrom , T. and Eden , C. S. 1985 . Protective factors in milk and the development of the immune system . Pediatr , 75 ( suppl ) : 172 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennart , P. F. , Barsseur , J. D. , Delogue-Beenoeck , J. B. , Dramaix , M. M. and Robyn , C. E. 1991 . Lysozyme, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulin A content in breast milk: Influence of duration of lactation nutrition status, prolaction status and parity of mother . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 22 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Ho , F. C. , Wong , R. L. and Lawton , J. W. 1979 . Human colostral and breast milk cells: A light and electron microscopic study . Acta. Paediatrica. Scand. , 68 : 389 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmgren , J. , Czerkinsky , C. , Lebens , M. , Lindblad , M. , Sun , J. B. and Svennerholm , A. M. 1996 . “ Cholera and oral-mucosal anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory vaccines ” . In Essentials of Mucosal Immunology , Edited by: Kagnoff , M. F. and Kiyono , H. 489 – 494 . San Diego, , USA : Academic Press Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , A. , Bloch , K. J. , Bhan , A. K. , Gillen , D. , Giovino , V. C. and Harmatz , P. R. 1991 . Expression of MHC class II (Ia) antigen by the neonatal enterocyte: The effect of treatment with interferon-gamma . Immunol. , 72 : 491 – 496 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Insoft , R. M. , Sanderson , I. R. and Walker , W. A. 1996 . Development of immune function in the intestine and its role in neonatal diseases . Pediatr. Clin. North Am. , 43 : 551 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizaka , S. , Kimoto , M. , Tsujii , T. and Saito , S. 1994 . Antibody production system modulated by oral administration of human milk and TGFβ . Cellular. Immunol. , 159 : 77 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isolauri , E. , Suomalaninen , H. , Kaila , M. , Jalonen , T. , Soppi , E. , Virtanen , E. and Arvilommi , H. 1992 . Local immune response in patients with cow milk allergy: Follow-up of patients retaining allergy or becoming tolerant . J. Pediatr. , 120 : 9 – 15 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jain , L. , Vidyasagar , D. , Xanthou , M. , Ghai , V. , Shimade , S. and Blend , M. 1989 . In vivo distribution of human milk leukocytes after ingestion by newborn baboons . Arch. Dis. Child. , 64 : 930 – 933 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jatsyk , G. V. , Kuvacva , I. B. and Gribakin , S. G. 1985 . Immunological preparation of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract: The importance of breast feeding . Acta. Pediatr. Scand. , 74 : 246 – 249 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jin , Y. , Cox , D. A. , Knecht , R. , Raschdorf , F. and Cerletti , N. 1991 . Separation, purification, and sequence identification of TGF-β 1 and TGF-β 2 from bovine milk . J. Protein Chem. , 10 : 565 – 575 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawaskami , H. and Lonnerdal , B. 1991 . Isolation and function of a receptor for human lactoferrin in human fetal intestinal brush-border membranes . Am. J. Physiol. , 281 : 841 – 846 .
   Google Scholar
• Koldovsky , O. 1989 . Search for role of milk-borne biologically active peptides for the suckling . J. Nutr. , 119 : 1543 – 1551 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koletzko , S. , Sherman , P. , Corey , M. , Griffiths , A. and Smith , C. 1989 . Role of infant feeding practices in development of Crohn's disease in childhood . Br. Med. J. , 298 : 1617 – 1618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretchmer , N. 1985 . Gastrointestinal and immunologic development . Pediatr. , 75 : 187 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni , A. B. and Karlsson , S. 1993 . Transforming growth factor-β 1 knockout mice . A mutation in one cytokine gene causes a dramatic inflammatory disease. Am. J. Pathol. , 143 : 3 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Lebman , D. A. , Nomura , D. Y. , Coffman , R. L. and Lee , F. D. 1990 . Molecular characterisation of germline immunoglobulin A transcripts produced during transforming growth factor type β-induced isotype switching . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 87 : 3962 – 3966 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letterio , J. J. , Geiser , A. G. , Kulkarni , A. B. , Roche , N. S. , Sporn , M. B. and Roberts , A. B. 1994 . Maternal rescue of transforming growth factor-β 1 null mice . Science , 246 : 1936 – 1938 .
   Google Scholar
• Lyer , S. and Lonnerdal , B. 1993 . Lactoferrin receptors and iron metabolism . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 47 : 232 – 241 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyscom , N. and Brueton , M. J. 1983 . The development of intraepithelial and Peyer's patch lymphocyte subtypes in the small intestine of newborn rats . Clin. Exp. Immunol. , 54 : 158 – 162 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MaGee , D. W. , Aicher , W. K. , Eldridge , J. H. , Peppard , J. V. , Mestecky , J. and McGhee , J. R. 1991 . Transforming growth factor-β enhances secretory component and major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression on rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells . Cytokine , 3 : 543 – 550 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayrhofer , G. , Pugh , C. and Barclay , A. 1983 . The distribution, ontogeny and origin in the rat of Ia-positive cells with dentritic morphology and of Ia antigen in epithelia, with special reference to the intestine . Eur. J. Immunol. , 13 : 112 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirhom , R. , Eloy , R. , Vaulfier , J. P. , Ananna , A. , Clendinnen , G. and Grenier , J. F. 1977 . Prostaglandin E1 and E2 stimulate release of intestinal brush border enzymes . Prostaglandins , 14 : 463 – 475 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mowat , A. M. 1990 . Human intraepithelial lymphocytes . Springer Semin. Immuno-pathol. , 12 : 165 – 190 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murthy , U. , Anzano , M. A. and Greig , R. G. 1989 . Expression of TGF-a/EGF and TGF-β receptors in human colon carcinoma cells lines . Int. J. Cancer , 44 : 110 – 115 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ness , J. C. , Morgan , L. , Outzen , H. C. and Tapper , D. 1991 . Specific growth factor activity identifies and predicts murine mammary tumor . J. Surg. Res. , 50 : 6 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newman , J. 1995 . How breast milk protects newborns . Sci. Am. , 273 : 76 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , B. L. , McKee , K. , Putman , M. , Henry , J. F. and Nichols , V. N. 1989 . Human lactoferrin supplementation of infant formulas increase thymidine incorporation into the DNA of rat crypt cells . J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. , 9 : 102 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Ogra , S. S. , Ogra , P. L. , Lippes , J. and Tomasi , T. B. 1972 . Immunohistologic localization of immunoglobulins, secretory components, and lactoferrin in the developing human fetus . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 139 : 570 – 574 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paxson , C. L. and Cress , C. C. 1979 . Survival of human milk leukocytes . J. Pediatr. , 94 : 61 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. L. , Goddard , C. , Regester , G. O. , Ballard , F. J. and Belford , D. A. 1996 . Transforming growth factor β in bovine milk: Concentration, stability and molecular mass forms . J. Endocrinol. , 151 : 77 – 86 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rognum , T. O. , Thrane , P. S. , Stoltenberg , L. , Vage , A. and Brandtzaeg , P. 1992 . Development of intestinal mucosal immunity in fetal life and the first postnatal months . Pediatr. Res. , 32 : 145 – 149 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruuska , T. 1992 . Occurrence of acute diarrhea in atopic and nonatopic infants: The role of prolonged breast-feeding . J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. , 14 : 27 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito , S. , Maruyama , M. , Kato , Y. , Moriyama , I. and Ichijo , M. 1991 . Detection of IL-6 in human milk and its involvement in IgA production . J. Reprod. Immunol. , 20 : 267 – 276 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saito , S. , Yoshida , M. , Ichijo Ishizaka , M. and Tsujii , T. 1993 . Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in human milk . Clin. Exp. Immunol. , 94 : 220 – 224 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savilahti , E. , Kuitunen , P. and Visakorpi , J. K. 1989 . “ Cow milk allergy ” . In Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy , Edited by: Lebenthal , E. 473 – 489 . New York, NY : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shull , M. M. , Ormsby , I. , Kier , A. B. , Pawlowski , S. , Diebold , R. J. , Yin , M. , Allen , R. , Sidman , C. , Proetzel , G. and Calvin , D. 1992 . Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-β 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease . Nature , 359 : 693 – 699 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonoda , E. , Matsumoto , R. , Hitoshi , Y. , Ishii , T. , Sugimoto , M. , Araki , S. , Tominaga , A. , Yamaguchi , N. and Takatsu , K. 1989 . Transforming growth factor β induces IgA production and acts additively with interleulin 5 for IgA production . J. Exp. Med. , 170 : 1415 – 1420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , M. D. , Srivastava , A. , Brouhard , B. , Saneto , R. , Groh-Wargo , S. and Kubit , J. 1996 . Cytokines in human milk . Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. , 93 : 263 – 287 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stepánková , R. , Kocna , P. , Sterzl , J. and Dvorák , B. 1995 . Expression of MHC class II antigens and enzymatic activity in enterocytes of germ-free and conventional rats: Dependence on nutritional factors during suckling . Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , 371A : 501 – 505 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strobel , S. 1996 . Neonatal oral tolerance . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , 13 : 88 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Strobel , S. and Ferguson , A. 1984 . Immune responses to fed protein antigens in mice. 3. Systemic tolerance or priming is related to age at which antigen is first encountered . Pediatr. Res. , 18 : 588 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strobel , S. and Ferguson , A. 1986 . Modulation of intestinal and systemic immune responses to a fed protein antigen, in mice . Gut , 27 : 829 – 837 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , B. , Norman , A. P. , Orgel , H. A. , Stokes , C. R. , Turner , M. W. and Soothill , J. F. 1973 . Transient IgA deficiency and pathogenesis of infantile atopy . Lancet , 2 : 111 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teichberg , S. , Isolauri , E. , Wapnir , R. A. , Roberts , B. and Lifshitz , F. 1990 . Development of the neonatal rat small intestinal barrier to nonspecific macromolecular absorption: Effect of early weaning to artificial diets . Pediatr. Res. , 28 : 31 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Udall , J. N. , Pang , K. , Fritze , L. , Kleinman , R. and Walker , W. A. 1981 . Development of gastrointestinal mucosal barrier. 1. The effect of age on intestinal permeability to macromolecules . Pediatr. Res. , 15 : 241 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaarala , O. , Saukkonen , T. , Savilahti , E. , Klemola , T. and Akerblom , H. K. 1995 . Development of immune response to cow's milk proteins in infants receiving cow's milk or hydrolyzed formula . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 96 : 917 – 923 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner , C. L. , Anderson , D. M. and Pittard , W. B. 1996 . Special properties of human milk . Clin. Pediatr. , 35 : 283 – 293 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xanthou , M. , Bines , J. and Walker , W. A. 1995 . Human milk and intestinal host defense in newborns: An update . Adv. Pediatr , 42 : 171 – 208 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zola , H. 1997 . The development of antibody responses in the infant . Immunol. Cell Biol. , 75 : 587 – 590 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar