REFERENCES
- Akinwumi , A. A and Sanders , J. H. 1991 . Peasant Farmer Behaviour and Cereal Technologies: Stochastic programming analysis in Niger. . Agricultural Economics , : 21 – 38 . (5)
- Aldrich , J. H. and Nelson , F. D. 1984 . Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models. , 95 London : Sage Publications .
- Aune , J. B. 1995 . 'Predicting soil degradation in Tanzania-a system analysis approach.' , Norway : Noragric .
- Chilonda , P. 1999 . Health Management and Uptake of Veterinary Services by Small-Scale Cattle Farmers in Eastern Province of Zambia , 208 Belgium : University of Gent . Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis
- Christiansson , C. and Kikula , I. S. , eds. 1996 . Changing Environment: Research on Man-Land Interrelations in Semi-Arid Tanzania , RSCU series No. 13 157 Nairobi
- Christiansson , C. , Mbegu , A. C. and Yrgard , A. 1993 . The Hand of Man: Soil Conservation in Kondoa Eroded Area, Tanzania. , 55 Nairobi : SIDA Regional Soil Conservation Unit, RSCU .
- Dixon , J. A. , James , D. E. and Sherman , P. B. 1989 . The Economics of Dryland Farming. , London. : The Earthscan Publications .
- Ellis , F. 2000 . Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. . Journal of Development Studies , 35 ( 1 ) : 1 – 38 .
- Erenstein , O. C.A. 1999 . The Economics of Soil Conservation in Developing Countries: The Case of Crop Residue Mulching. , Den Haag. : CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek .
- Gillan , C. 1930 . 'Notes on Soil erosion in East Africa.' Gillman papers, Hans Cory collection , University of Dar es Salaam .
- Gillman , C. 1933 . “ Dodoma Dams ” . In Annual Report Geological Survey Tanzania 39 – 42 .
- de Haan , C , Steinfeld , H. and Blackburn , H. 1990 . Livestock and Environment: Finding a Balance , UK : WREN media Fressindfield .
- Hella , J. P. , Van , G. , Huylenbroeck , L. D and Ashimogo , G. C. 1999 . ‘Multi-criteria Nature of Decision Making in Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Tanzania.’ A paper presented to the 2nd International MODSS Conference for Land Water and Environment, Brisbane, Australia 12
- Hella , J. P. , Mdoe , N. S. , Van , G. , Huylenbroeck , L. D and Chilonda , P. 2000 . “ Characterization of Smallholder Livestock Production and Marketing Strategies in Semi-Arid areas of Tanzania ” . In A paper presented to the Tanzania Society of Animal Production (TSAP), 2–4th August, 2000, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Hella , J. P. , Van Huylenbroeck , G. , Turuka , F. M. and D'Haese , L. 2001 . ‘Economics of Smallholder Livestock Grazing Management and Erosion Problems in Semi-Arid Tropics: A Case Study of Central Tanzania.’ A paper prepared for the International Symposium on Silvo-Pastoral Systems and 2nd Congress on Agroforestry and Livestock Production in Latin America, San Jose, Costa Rica. 3–7th April, 2001
- Holtland , G. 1994 . ‘Farming Systems Analysis of Mvumi Division: A Case Study on Intensifying Agriculture in Semi-Arid Tanzania.’ DCT print Dar es Salaam Tanzania
- Kikula , I. and Mung'ong'o , C. G. 1993 . An Historical Review of the Soil Problem and Land Reclamation in Kondoa District, Central Tanzania. . IRA Research Papers , No. 33, Dar es Salaam
- Kjekshus , H. 1977 . Ecological Control and Economic Development in East African History. , London. : Heinemann .
- Koponen , J. 1988 . People and Production in Late Pre-Colonial Tanzania: History and Structure. , Helsinki. : Finnish Society for Development Studies .
- Kaihura , F. B.S. 1991 . ‘Soil Erosion and Conservation Studies in Tanzania-Opportunities and Strategies for Research.’ Report F8 , 27 Tanga, , Tanzania : National Soil Science Services .
- Magayane , F. T. 1995 . “ ‘Farmers’ Adaptive Effort to Soil Erosion and Land Productivity Decline: The Case of Uluguru Mountain Tanzania.’ ” . Urbana, Illinois : University of Illinois . PhD Thesis
- Mahoo , H. F. , Young , M. D.B. and Mziray , O. B. 1999 . Rainfall variability and its implications for transferability of experimental results in semi-arid areas of Tanzania. . Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 2 ( 2 ) : 127 – 140 .
- Mbaga-Semgalawe , Z. 1998 . Household Adoption Behaviour and Agricultural Sustainability in the North-Eastern Mountain of Tanzania. The Case of Soil Conservation in the North Pare and West Usambara Mountains , 189 Wageningen Agricultural University . Published PhD thesis, p
- Milner-Gulland , E. J. , Mace , R. and Sconnes , I. 1996 . A model of household decisions in dryland agro-pastoral systems. . Agricultural Systems , 51 ( 4 ) : 407 – 430 .
- Moltimore , M. 1989 . Adapting to Drought: Farmers, Famine, and Decertification in West Africa. , UK : Cambridge University Press .
- Ngana , J. O. 1983 . ‘Selection of Probability Distribution for Estimating Reliably Seasonal Rainfall in Semi-Arid Tanzania,’ 1983 , IRA Paper No. 79 UDSM DSM .
- Ngana , J. O. 1990 . ‘Modeling for Periodic Features in Seasonal Rainfall and Its Implications to Water Resources and Agricultural Planning,’ IRA paper No. 27 , 27 University of Dar es Salaam .
- Ngana , J. O. 1996 . “Climate and Hydrology of Kondoa Eroded Areas.” . In Changing Environments: Research on Man-Land Interrelations in Semi-Arid Tanzania , RSCU Series No. 13 Edited by: Christiansson , C. and Kikula , I. Nairobi
- Rapp , A. , Berry , L. , Temple , P. and Rowland , J. R.J. 1972 . “ Studies on Soil Erosion and Sedimentation in Tanzania ” . In Research Monograph No. 1 , Tanzania : BRALUP, UDSM . (1993) Dryland Farming in Africa, Macmillan 336
- Rwehumbiza , F. B.R. , Hatibu , N. and Machibya , M. 1999 . Soil and water conservation in semi-arid Tanzania soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas of Tanzania: National policies and local practices. . Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 2 ( 2 ) : 141 – 149 .
- Shishira , E. K. and Payton , T. W. 1996 . “ The Causes and Effects of Accelerated Soil Erosion and Sedimentation in Kondoa Eroded Area: Evidence from Lake Haubi Kondoa District ” . In Changing Environments: Research on Man-Land Interrelations in Semi-Arid Tanzania , RSCU Series No. 13 Edited by: Christiansson , C. and Kikula , I. Nairobi
- Sconnes , I. C. , Chibudu , C. , Chikura , S. , Jeranyama , P. , Machaka , D. , Wachanja , W. , Mavedzenge , B. , Monboshora , B. , Mudhara , M. , Muziwa , C. , Murimbarimba , F. and Zirereza , B. 1996 . Hazards and Opportunities: Farming Livelihood in Dryland Africa, Lessons from Zimbabwe. , 267 London : ZED Book Ltd. .
- SPSS . 1998 . SPSS base 8.0: Application guide 372 North Michigan, , USA
- United Republic of Tanzania (URT) . 1998 . Tanzania: Country Study on Biological Diversity. , 163 Tanzania : Vice President's office, Dar es Salaam .
- WCED . 1987 . Our Common Future. , London. : Earthscan Publications .
- Wiig , H. , Aune , J. B. , Glomsrod , S. and Iversen , V. 2001 . Structural adjustment and soil degradation in Tanzania: A CGE model approach with endogenous soil productivity. . Journal of Agricultural Economics , 24 ( 3 ) : 263 – 287 .
- William , T. 1994 . ‘Traditional Strategy and Adaptive Resource Use by Crop-Livestock Producers in Sahel.’ Socio-Economic and Policy Research Working Document No , Addis Ababa Ethiopia : 18 ILRI .
- Wolgin , J. 1975 . Resource allocation and risk: A case study of smallholder agriculture in Kenya. . American Journal of Agric. Econ , 57 ( 4 ) : 622 – 630 .