References
- Edlin , B R , Irwin , K L , Faruque , S , McCoy , C B , Word , C , Serrano , Y , Inciardi , J A , Bowser , B P , Schilling , R F and Holmberg , S D . 1994 . Intersecting epidemics-crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city young adults. Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team . N Engl J Med. , 331 ( 21 ) : 1422 – 7 .
- Lehman , J S , Allen , D M , Green , T A and Onorato , I M . 1994 . HIV infection among non-injecting drug users entering drug treatment, United States, 1989–1992 . Field Services Branch. Aids. , 8 ( 10 ) : 1465 – 9 .
- Goedert , J J , Pizza , G , Gritti , F M , Costigliola , P , Boschini , A , Bini , A , Lazzari , C and Palareti , A . 1995 . Mortality among drug users in the AIDS era . Int J Epidemiol. , 24 ( 6 ) : 1204 – 10 .
- Allen , D M , Onorato , I M and Green , T A . 1992 . HIV infection in intravenous drug users entering drug treatment, United States, 1988 to 1989. The Field Services Branch of the Centers for Disease Control . Am J Public Health. , 82 ( 4 ) : 541 – 6 .
- Anonumous . 1995 . HIV/AIDS Surveillance: US AIDS cases reported through December 1994 , Atlanta, GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
- Iguchi , M Y , Platt , J J , French , J F , Baxter , R C , Kushner , H , Lidz , V M , Bux , D A , Rosen , M and Musikoff , H . 1992 . Correlates of HIV seropositivity among intravenous drug users not in treatment . Journal of Drug Issues. , 22 : 849 – 866 .
- Iguchi , M Y , Bux , D A , Lidz , V , Kushner , H , French , J F and Platt , J J . 1994 . Interpreting HIV seroprevalence data from a street-based outreach program . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. , 7 ( 5 ) : 491 – 9 .
- Bux , D A , Lamb , R J and Iguchi , M Y . 1995 . Cocaine use and HIV risk behavior in metha-done maintenance patients . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 37 ( 1 ) : 29 – 35 .
- Dwyer , R , Richardson , D , Ross , M W , Wodak , A , Miller , M E and Gold , J . 1994 . A comparison of HIV risk between women and men who inject drugs . AIDS Educ Prev. , 6 ( 5 ) : 379 – 89 .
- Grella , C E , Anglin , M D and Wugalter , S E . 1995 . Cocaine and crack use and HIV risk behaviors among high-risk methadone maintenance clients . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 37 ( 1 ) : 15 – 21 .
- Hudgins , R , McCusker , J and Stoddard , A . 1995 . Cocaine use and risky injection and sexual behaviors . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 37 ( 1 ) : 7 – 14 .
- Iguchi , M Y , Bux , D A Jr. , Kushner , H , Lidz , V , French , J F and Platt , J J . 1995 . Prospective evaluation of a model of risk for HIV infection among injecting drug users . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 40 ( 1 ) : 63 – 71 .
- Joe , G W and Simpson , D D . 1995 . HIV risks, gender, and cocaine use among opiate users . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 37 ( 1 ) : 23 – 8 .
- Kall , K . 1994 . The risk of HIV infection for noninjecting sex partners of injecting drug users in Stockholm . AIDS Educ Prev. , 6 ( 4 ) : 351 – 64 .
- Tortu , S , Beardsley , M , Deren , S and Davis , W R . 1994 . The risk of HIV infection in a national sample of women with injection drug-using partners . Am J Public Health. , 84 ( 8 ) : 1243 – 9 .
- Wodak , A D , Stowe , A , Ross , M W Gold , J . 1995 . HIV risk exposure of injecting drug users in Sydney . Drug & Alcohol Review. , 14 : 213 – 222 .
- Zapata , V and Blanton , C . 1994 . AIDS and intravenous drug use: a growing menace . J Drug Educ. , 24 ( 2 ) : 133 – 8 .
- Compton , W M , Lamb , R J and Fletcher , B W . 1995 . Results of the NIDA treatment demonstration grants' cocaine workgroup: characteristics of cocaine users and HIV risk behaviors . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 37 ( 1 ) : 1 – 6 .
- Inciardi , J A , Tims , F M and Fletcher , B W , eds. 1993 . Innovative Approaches in the Treatment of Drug Abuse , Westport, CT : Greenwood Press .
- Irwin , K L , Edlin , B R , Faruque , S , McCoy , H V , Word , C , Serrano , Y , Inciardi , J , Bowser , B and Holmberg , S D . 1996 . Crack cocaine smokers who turn to drug injection: characteristics, factors associated with injection, and implications for HIV transmission. The Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 42 ( 2 ) : 85 – 92 .
- Greenfield , L , Bigelow , G E and Brooner , R K . 1995 . Validity of intravenous drug abusers' self-reported changes in HIV high-risk drug use behaviors . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 39 ( 2 ) : 91 – 8 .
- Wells , E A , Clark , L L , Calsyn , D A , Saxon , A J , Jackson , T R and Wrede , A F . 1994 . Reporting of HIV risk behaviors by injection drug using heterosexual couples in methadone maintenance . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 36 ( 1 ) : 33 – 8 .
- Darke , S , Hall , W , Heather , N , Ward , J and Wodak , A . 1991 . The reliability and validity of a scale to measure HIV risk-taking behaviour among intravenous drug users . Aids. , 5 ( 2 ) : 181 – 5 .
- Metzger , D S , DePhilippis , D , Druley , P , O'Brien , C P , McLellan , A T , Williams , J , Navaline , H , Dyanick , S and Woody , G E . The Impact of HIV Testing on Risk for AIDS Behaviors . College on Problems of Drug Dependence, 58th Annual Scientific Meeting . Edited by: Harris , L . pp. 297 – 298 .
- Longshore , D , Hsieh , S C and Anglin , M D . 1994 . Reducing HIV risk behavior among injection drug users: effect of methadone maintenance treatment on number of sex partners . Int J Addict. , 29 ( 6 ) : 741 – 57 .
- Morrison , C S , McCusker , J , Stoddard , A M and Bigelow , C . 1995 . The validity of behavioral data reported by injection drug users on a clinical risk assessment . Int J Addict. , 30 ( 7 ) : 889 – 99 .
- McKeganey , N . 1994 . Why do men buy sex and what are their assessments of the HIV-related risks when they do? . AIDS Care. , 6 ( 3 ) : 289 – 301 .
- Watters , J K , Estilo , M J , Kral , A H and Lorvick , J J . 1994 . HIV infection among female injection-drug users recruited in community settings . Sex Transm Dis. , 21 ( 6 ) : 321 – 8 .
- Bevier , P J , Chiasson , M A , Heffernan , R T and Castro , K G . 1995 . Women at a sexually transmitted disease clinic who reported same-sex contact: their HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors . Am J Public Health. , 85 ( 10 ) : 1366 – 71 .
- McQuillan , G M , Khare , M , Karon , J M , Schable , C A and Vlahov , D . 1997 . Update on the seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States household population: NHANES III, 1988–1994 . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovi-rol. , 14 ( 4 ) : 355 – 60 .
- Jacobson , R L , Harris , A B and Doyle , M G . 1995 . HIV infection and associated sexually transmitted diseases in women . Tex Med. , 91 ( 3 ) : 58 – 60 .
- Lauver , D , Armstrong , K , Marks , S and Schwarz , S . 1995 . HIV risk status and preventive behaviors among 17,619 women . J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. , 24 ( 1 ) : 33 – 9 .
- First , M B , Spitzer , R L , Gibbon , M and Williams , J BW . 1996 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-patient Edition (SCID-I/O), Version 2.0 , Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute .
- Schottenfeld , R S , O'Malley , S , O'Connor , P and Abdul-Salaam , K . 1993 . Decline in intravenous drug use among treatment seeking opiate users . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. , 10 : 5 – 10 .