Empathy, Intimacy, Loneliness, and Self-Esteem in Nonfamilial Child Molesters: A Brief Report

REFERENCES

• Baumeister , R. F. 1993 . “ Understanding the inner nature of low self-esteem: Uncertain, fragile, protective, and conflicted. ” . In Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard Edited by: Baumeister , R. F. 201 – 218 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blishen , B. R. , Carroll , W. K. and Moore , C. 1987 . The 1981 socioeconomic index for occupations in Canada. . Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology , 24 : 465 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. 1983 . Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 113 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez , Y. M. , Marshall , W. L. , Lightbody , S. and O'Suilivan , C. 1997 . The Child Molester Empathy Measure. Submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Finkchor , D. 1984 . Child sexual abuse. New York : Free Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Garlick , Y. , Marshall , W. L. and Thornton , D. 1996 . Intimacy deficits and attribution of blame among sexual offenders. . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 1 : 251 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Groth , A. N. 1979 . Men who rape: The psychology of the offender. New York : Plenum Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , R. L. 1989 . “ Self-efficacy ratings. ” . In Relapse prevention with sex offenders Edited by: Laws , D. R. 137 – 146 . New York : Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins-Hall , K. , Osborn , C. A. , Anderson , C. S. , Anderson , K. and Shockley-Smith , C. 1989 . “ The Center for Prevention of Child Molestation. ” . In Relapse prevention with sex offenders Edited by: Laws , D. R. 268 – 291 . New York : Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Knopp , F. H. , Freeman-Longo , R. E. and Stevenson , W. 1992 . Nationwide survey of juvenile and adult sex-offender treatment programs. Orwell, VT : Safer Society Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Lawson , J. S. , Marshall , W. L. and McGrath , P. 1979 . The Social self-esteem inventory. . Educational and Psychology Measurement , 39 : 803 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques , J. , Day , D. M. , Nelson , C and Miner , M. H. 1989 . “ The Sex offender treatment and evaluation project: California's relapse prevention program. ” . In Relapse prevention with sex offenders Edited by: Laws , D. R. 247 – 267 . New York : Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. 1989 . Intimacy, loneliness and sexual offenders. . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 27 : 691 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. , Anderson , D. and Champagne , F. 1996 . Self-esteem and its relationship to sexual offending. . Psychology, Crime & Law , 3 : 81 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L and Barbaree , H. E. 1990 . “ An integrated theory of sexual offending. ” . In Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender Edited by: Marshall , W. L. , Laws , D. R. and Barbaree , H. E. 257 – 275 . New York : Plenum Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. , Barbaree , H. E. and Fernandez , Y. M. 1995 . Some aspects of social competence in sexual offenders. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 7 : 113 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. , Bryce , P. , Hudson , S. M. , Ward , T. and Moth , B. 1996 . The enhancement of intimacy and the reduction of loneliness among child molesters. . Journal of Family Violence, II , : 219 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. , Champagne , F. , Sturgeon , C. and Bryce , P. “ Increasing the self-esteem of child molesters. ” . In Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. and Fernandez , Y. M. “ (in press). Developing victim empathy and remorse. ” . In Handbook, of sex offender treatment. Edited by: Carich , M. S. and Mussack , S. Orwell, VT : Safer Society Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. and Hambley , L. S. 1996 . Intimacy and loneliness, and their relationship to rape myth acceptance and hostility toward women among rapists. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence, II , : 586 – 592 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. , Hudson , S. M. , Jones , R. and Fernandez , Y. M. 1995 . Empathy in sex offenders. . Clinical Psychology Review , 15 : 99 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. and Marie , A. 1996 . Cognitive and emotional components of generalized empathy deficits in child molesters. . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 5 : 101 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. and Mazzucco , A. 1995 . Self-esteem and parental attachments in child molesters. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 7 : 279 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. , O'Sullivan , C and Fernandez , Y. M. 1996 . The enhancement of victim empathy among incarcerated child molesters. . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 1 : 95 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , R. S. and Lefcourt , H. M. 1982 . The assessment of social intimacy. . Journal of Personality Assessment , 46 : 414 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlman , D. and Duck , S. 1987 . Intimate relationships: Development, dynamics, and deterioration. Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications. .
   Google Scholar
• Pithers , W. D. 1994 . Process evaluation of a group therapy component designed to enhance sex offenders' empathy for sexual abuse survivors. . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 32 : 565 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , D. , Peplau , L. A. and Cutrona , C. E. 1980 . The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 472 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scidman , B. T. , Marshall , W. L. , Hudson , S. M. and Robertson , P. J. 1994 . An examination of intimacy and loneliness in sex offenders. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 9 : 518 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer , B. J. 1962 . Statistical principles in experimental design. New York : McGraw-Hill. .
   Google Scholar