3,963
Views
219
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Cultural Differences in Travel Risk Perception

&
Pages 13-31 | Received 11 May 2005, Accepted 23 Jul 2005, Published online: 25 Sep 2008

REFERENCES

  • Barker , M. , Page , S. J. and Meyer , D. 2003 . Urban visitor perceptions of safety during a special event . Journal of Travel Research , 41 ( 4 ) : 355 – 361 .
  • Basala , S. L. and Klenosky , D. B. 2001 . Travel-style preferences for visiting a novel destination: A conjoint investigation across the novelty-familiarity continuum . Journal of Travel Research , 40 ( 2 ) : 172 – 182 .
  • Bauer , R. 1967 . “ Consumer behavior as risk taking ” . In Risk taking and information handling in consumer behavior , Edited by: Cox , D. F. 23 – 33 . Boston, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Budescu , D. V. and Wallsten , T. S. 1985 . Consistency in interpretation of probabilistic phrases . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 36 ( 3 ) : 391 – 405 .
  • Carr , N. 2001 . An exploratory study of gendered differences in young tourists' perception of danger within London . Tourism Management , 22 ( 5 ) : 565 – 570 .
  • Cavlek , N. 2002 . “ The role of tour operators in the travel distribution system ” . In Trends in outdoor recreation, leisure and tourism , Edited by: Gartner , W. C. and Lime , D. W. 325 – 334 . Wallingford : CAB International .
  • Center for Travel Anxiety . 2002 . Other travel related anxiety and phobias Retrieved April 20, 2004, from http://www.fearofflyingdc.com/otheranxiety.html
  • Cheron , E. and Ritchie , J. 1982 . Leisure activities and perceived risk . Journal of Leisure Research , 14 ( 2 ) : 139 – 154 .
  • Cohen , E. 1972 . Towards sociology of international tourism . Social Research , 39 ( 1 ) : 164 – 182 .
  • Cunningham , S. 1967 . “ The major dimensions of perceived risk ” . In Risk taking and information handling in consumer behavior , Edited by: Cox , D. F. 82 – 108 . Boston, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Dann , G. M. S. 1993 . “ Limitations in the use of 'nationality' and 'country of residence' variables ” . In Tourism research: Critiques and challenges , Edited by: Pearce , D. G. and Butler , R. W. 88 – 112 . London : Routledge Press .
  • Dimanche , F. and Lepetic , A. 1999 . New Orleans tourism and crime: A case study . Journal of Travel Research , 38 ( 1 ) : 19 – 23 .
  • Dowling , G. R. and Staelin , R. 1994 . A model of perceived risk and intended risk-handling activity . Journal of Consumer Research , 21 ( 1 ) : 119 – 135 .
  • Drottz-Sjoberg , B.-M. and Sjoberg , L. 1990 . Risk perception and worries after the Chernobyl accident . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 10 ( 2 ) : 135 – 149 .
  • ETurboNews . 2004 . Environmental concerns muddy Bali's tourism prospects Retrieved March 9, 2004, from http://www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2004–03-08-bali-tourism_x.htm
  • Feather , N. T. 1975 . Values in education and society , New York : Free Press .
  • Fuchs , G. and Reichel , A. 2004 . Cultural differences in tourist destination risk perception: An exploratory study . Tourism-An International Interdisciplinary Journal , 52 ( 1 ) : 21 – 37 .
  • Galea , S. , Ahern , J. , Resnick , H. , Kilpatrick , D. , Bucuvalas , M. Gold , J. 2002 . Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City . New England Journal of Medicine , 346 ( 13 ) : 982 – 987 .
  • Gartner , W. and Shen , H. 1992 . The impact of Tiananmen Square on China's tourism image . Journal of Travel Research , 30 ( 4 ) : 47 – 52 .
  • Gibson , H. and Jordan , F. 1998a . Shirley Valentine Lives! The experience of solo women travelers . Paper presented at the Fifth Congress of the World Leisure and Recreation Association . 1998a , Sao Paulo, Brazil.
  • Gibson , H. and Jordan , F. 1998b . Traveling solo: A cross-cultural study of British and American women aged 30–50 . Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference of the Leisure Studies Association . 1998b , Leeds, UK.
  • Gibson , H. and Yiannakis , A. 2002 . Tourist roles: Needs and the lifecourse . Annals of Tourism Research , 29 ( 2 ) : 358 – 383 .
  • Goszczynska , M. , Tyszka , T. and Slovic , P. 1991 . Risk perception in Poland: A comparison with three other countries . Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , 4 : 179 – 193 .
  • Griffith , D. and Albanese , P. 1996 . An examination of Plog's psychographics travel model within a student population . Journal of Travel Research , 34 ( 4 ) : 47 – 51 .
  • Gudykunst , W. and Hammer , M. 1988 . “ Strangers and hosts: An uncertainty reduction base theory of intercultural adaptation ” . In Cross-cultural adaptation: Current approaches , Edited by: Kim , Y. Y. and Gudykunst , W. B. 106 – 139 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Haddock , C. 1993 . Managing risks in outdoor activities , Wellington, , New Zealand : New Zealand Mountain Safety Council .
  • Hofstede , G. H. 1980 . Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
  • Hofstede , G. H. 2001 . Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, , 2nd ed. , Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications .
  • Honey , M. 1999 . Ecotourism and sustainable development. Who owns paradise? , Washington, DC : Island Press .
  • Hoover , R. J. , Green , R. T. and Saegert , J. 1978 . A cross-national study of perceived risk . Journal of Marketing , 42 ( 3 ) : 102 – 108 .
  • Hullett , C. R. and Witte , K. 2001 . Predicting intercultural adaptation and isolation: Using the extended parallel process model to test anxiety/uncertainty management theory . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 25 ( 2 ) : 125 – 139 .
  • Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1982 . Variants of uncertainty . Cognition , 11 ( 2 ) : 143 – 157 .
  • Knight , F. 1948 . Risk, uncertainty and profit , Boston, MA : Houghton-Mifflin .
  • Kogan , N. and Wallach , M. 1964 . Risk taking , New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston .
  • Lepp , A. and Gibson , H. 2003 . Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 30 ( 3 ) : 606 – 624 .
  • Lynch , K. 1960 . The image of the city , Cambridge, MA : Technology Press .
  • MacCrimmon , K. and Wehrung , D. 1986 . Taking risks , New York : The Free Press .
  • Mäser , B. and Weiermair , K. 1998 . Travel decision-making: From the vantage point of perceived risk and information preferences . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 7 ( 4 ) : 107 – 121 .
  • Mattila , A. , Apostolopoulos , Y. , Sonmez , S. , Yu , L. and Sasidharan , V. 2001 . The impact of gender and religion on college students' spring break behavior . Journal of Travel Research , 40 ( 2 ) : 193 – 200 .
  • McIntosh , I. , Swanson , V. , Power , K. , Raeside , F. and Dempster , C. 1998 . Anxiety and health problems related to air travel . Journal of Travel Medicine , 5 ( 4 ) : 198 – 204 .
  • McIntyre , N. and Roggenbuck , J. W. 1998 . Nature/person transactions during an outdoor adventure experience: A multi-phasic analysis . Journal of Leisure Research , 30 ( 4 ) : 401 – 422 .
  • Mechitov , A. and Rebrik , S. 1990 . “ Studies of risk and safety perception in USSR ” . In Contemporary issues in decision making , Edited by: Borcherding , K. , Larichev , O. I. and Messick , D. M. 261 – 270 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Michalko , G. 2004 . Tourism eclipsed by crime: The vulnerability of foreign tourists in Hungary . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 15 ( 2/3 ) : 159 – 172 .
  • Mitchell , V. 1999 . Consumer perceived risk: Conceptualisations and models . European Journal of Marketing , 33 ( 1/2 ) : 163 – 195 .
  • Mitchell , V. and Vassos , V. 1997 . Perceived risk and risk reduction in holiday purchases: A cross-cultural and gender analysis . Journal of European Marketing , 6 ( 3 ) : 47 – 80 .
  • Morgan , H. 2003 . Traveler editor: SARS travel fears unfounded . National Geographic News , June 2 Retrieved September 3, 2005, from http://newsnationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0602_030602_sarstravel2.html
  • Norton , G. 1987 . Tourism and international terrorism . The World Today , 43 ( 2 ) : 30 – 33 .
  • Norton , G. 1994 . The vulnerable voyager: New threats for tourism . World Today , 50 ( 12 ) : 237 – 239 .
  • Pizam , A. and Jeong , G. 1996 . Cross-cultural tourist behavior: Perceptions of Korean tour guides . Tourism Management , 17 ( 4 ) : 277 – 286 .
  • Pizam , A. and Sussmann , S. 1995 . Does nationality affect tourist behavior? . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 4 ) : 901 – 917 .
  • Pizam , A. , Tarlow , P. and Bloom , J. 1997 . Making tourists feel safe: Whose responsibility is it? . Journal of Travel Research , 34 ( 1 ) : 23 – 28 .
  • Plog , S. 1974 . Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity . The Cornell Quarterly , 14 ( 9 ) : 55 – 58 .
  • Plog , S. 1987 . “ Understanding psychographics in tourism research ” . In Tourism, and hospitality research , Edited by: Ritchie , J. and Goeldner , C. 203 – 213 . New York : John Wiley .
  • Plog , S. 1990 . A Carpenter's tool: An answer to Stephen L. J. Smith's review of psychocentrism/allocentrism . Journal of Travel Research , 28 ( 4 ) : 43 – 45 .
  • Plog , S. 2002 . The power of psychographics and the concept of venturesomeness . Journal of Travel Research , 40 ( 3 ) : 244 – 251 .
  • Raphael , K. G. , Natelson , B. H. , Janal , M. N. and Nayak , S. 2002 . A community-based survey of fibromyalgia-like pain complaints following the World Trade Center terrorist attacks . Pain , 100 ( 1/2 ) : 131 – 139 .
  • Reisinger , Y. and Mavondo , F. 2005 . Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception . Journal of Travel Research , 43 ( 3 ) : 212 – 225 .
  • Richardson , S. L. and Crompton , J. 1988 . Vacation patterns of French and English Canadians . Annals of Tourism Research , 15 ( 3 ) : 430 – 435 .
  • Richter , L. K. 2003 . International tourism and its global public health consequences . Journal of Travel Research , 41 ( 4 ) : 340 – 347 .
  • Roehl , W. and Fesenmaier , D. 1992 . Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis . Journal of Travel Research , 30 ( 4 ) : 17 – 26 .
  • 1995 . Roget's II: The new thesaurus dictionary , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
  • Ropeik , D. 2001 . Fear factors in an age of terrorism Retrieved March 3, 2004, http://www.msnbccom/news/643092.asp?cp1=1
  • Rosenheck , R. , Schuster , M. , Stein , B. and Jaycox , L. 2002 . Reactions to the events of September 11 . New England Journal of Medicine , 346 ( 8 ) : 629 – 630 .
  • Ryan , C. 1995 . Learning about tourists from conversations: The over-55s in Majorca . Tourism Management , 16 ( 3 ) : 207 – 215 .
  • Schuster , M. A. , Stein , B. D. , Jaycox , L. H. , Collins , R. L. , Marshall , G. Elliott , M. 2001 . A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks . The New England Journal of Medicine , 345 ( 20 ) : 1507 – 1512 .
  • Schweer , J. M. 1986 . Perceived leisure risk: Implications and interventions for therapeutic recreation in clinical settings . Journal of Expanding Horizons in Therapeutic Recreation , 1 : 64 – 66 .
  • Seddighi , H. R. , Nuttall , M. W. and Theocharous , A. L. 2001 . Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special references to political instability . Tourism Management , 22 ( 2 ) : 181 – 191 .
  • Slovic , P. 1972 . Convergent validation of risk taking measures . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 65 ( 11 ) : 68 – 71 .
  • Slovic , P. and Lichtenstein , S. 1968 . Relative importance of probabilities and payoffs in risk taking . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 78 ( 3 ) : 1 – 18 .
  • Smith , G. 1999 . Toward a United States policy on traveler safety and security: 1980–2000 . Journal of Travel Research , 38 ( 1 ) : 62 – 65 .
  • Smith , V. L. 1989 . Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism, , 2nd ed. , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Sonmez , S. , Apostolopoulos , Y. and Tarlow , P. 1999 . Tourism in crisis: Managing the effects of terrorism . Journal of Travel Research , 38 ( 1 ) : 13 – 18 .
  • Sonmez , S. and Graefe , A. R. 1998a . Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety . Journal of Travel Research , 37 ( 2 ) : 171 – 177 .
  • Sonmez , S. and Graefe , A. R. 1998b . Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions . Annals of Tourism Research , 25 ( 1 ) : 112 – 144 .
  • Sonmez , S. and Sirakaya , E. 2002 . A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey . Journal of Travel Research , 41 ( 2 ) : 185 – 196 .
  • Stone , R. and Winter , F. December 1985 . Risk in buyer behavior in contexts: A clarification (Faculty working paper 1216 EWP 860505) , December , IL : College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois .
  • Stone , R. and Winter , F. 1987 . Risk: Is it still uncertainty times consequences? . Proceedings of the American Marketing Association, Winter Educators Conference . 1987 . Edited by: Belk , W. and Zaltman , J. pp. 261 – 265 . Chicago, IL : American Marketing Association .
  • Suh , Y. K. and Gartner , W. C. 2004 . Perceptions in international urban tourism: An analysis of travelers to Seoul, Korea . Journal of Travel Research , 43 ( 1 ) : 39 – 45 .
  • Summers , J. and McColl-Kennedy , J. 1998 . Australia as a holiday destination: Young Americans' vs. Chinese Malaysians' decision-making . Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing , 5 ( 4 ) : 33 – 55 .
  • Tarlow , P. E. and Santana , G. 2002 . Providing safety for tourists: A study of a selected sample of tourist destinations in the United States and Brazil . Journal of Travel Research , 40 ( 4 ) : 424 – 431 .
  • Teigen , K. H. , Brun , W. and Slovic , P. 1988 . Societal risks as seen by a Norwegian public . Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , 1 : 111 – 130 .
  • Thapa , B. 2004 . Tourism in Nepal: Shangri-la's troubled times . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 15 ( 2/3 ) : 117 – 138 .
  • Tremblay , P. 1989 . Pooling international tourism in Western Europe . Annals of Tourism Research , 16 ( 4 ) : 477 – 491 .
  • Tsaur , S.-H. , Tzeng , G.-H. and Wang , K.-C. 1997 . Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives . Annals of Tourism Research , 24 ( 4 ) : 796 – 812 .
  • Tse , D. K. , Lee , K. , Vertinsky , I. and Wehrung , D. A. 1988 . Does culture matter? A cross-cultural study of executives' choice, decisiveness, and risk adjustment in international marketing . Journal of Marketing , 52 ( 4 ) : 81 – 95 .
  • Venkatesan , M. 1973 . “ Cognitive consistency and novelty-seeking ” . In Consumer behavior: Theoretical sources , Edited by: Ward , S. and Robertson , T. S. 355 – 384 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Verhage , B. J. , Yavas , U. and Green , R. T. 1990 . Perceived risk: A cross-cultural phenomenon? . International Journal of Research Marketing , 7 ( 4 ) : 297 – 303 .
  • Wall , G. 1996 . “ Terrorism and tourism: An overview and an Irish example ” . In Tourism, crime and international security issues , Edited by: Pizam , A. and Mansfeld , Y. 143 – 158 . New York : Wiley .
  • Walsh , R. G. 1986 . Recreation economic decisions: Comparing benefits and costs , State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
  • Weber , E. U. and Hsee , C. 1998 . Cross-cultural differences in risk perception, but cross-cultural similarities in attitudes towards perceived risk . Management Science , 44 ( 9 ) : 1205 – 1217 .
  • Wong , S. and Lau , E. 2001 . Understanding the behavior of Hong Kong Chinese tourists on group tour packages . Journal of Travel Research , 40 ( 1 ) : 57 – 67 .
  • World Health Organization (WHO) . 2003 . Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Basic information about SARS Retrieved April 2, 2004, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/factsheet.htm
  • Yavas , U. , Verhage , B. J. and Green , R. T. 1992 . Global consumer segmentation versus local marketing orientation: Empirical findings . Management International Review , 32 ( 3 ) : 265 – 272 .
  • Young , W. , Morris , A. , Cameron , N. and Haslett , S. 1997 . New Zealand national survey of crime victims 1996 , Wellington, , New Zealand : Victimisation Survey Committee .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.