Gender Differences in Disability-Free Life Expectancy for Selected Risk Factors and Chronic Conditions in Canada

REFERENCES

• Bélanger , A. 1999 . Report on the Demographic Situation in Canada, 1998–1999. , Statistics Canada Catalogue 91–209-XPE Ottawa : Ministry of Industry . 1999, Table A9, 109
   Google Scholar
• Bronnum-Hansen , H. and Juel , K. 2001 . Abstention from smoking extends life and compresses morbidity: A population based study of health expectancy among smokers and never smokers in Denmark. . Tobacco Control , 10 ( 3 ) : 273 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) and Statistics Canada . 2001 . Health Care in Canada. Ottawa : Canadian Institute for Health Information .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , J. and Millar , W. 2001 . “ Starting and sustaining physical activity. ” . In Health Reports (Statistics Canada, catalogue 82–003), 12, 4 33 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Doblhammer , G. and Kytir , J. 1998 . Social inequalities in disability-free and healthy life expectancy in Austria. . Wien Klin Wochenschr , 110 ( 11 ) : 393 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrucci , L. , Izmirlian , G. , Léveillé , S. G. , Phillips , C. L. , Corti , M. C. , Brock , D. B. and Guralnik , J. M. 1999 . Smoking, physical activity, and active life expectancy. . American Journal of Epidemiology , 149 ( 7 ) : 645 – 653 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiss , L. S. , Herman , W. H. and Smith , P. J. 2001 . “ Mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes ” . In Diabetes in America, , 2nd edition 233 – 257 . http://diabetes-in-america.s-3.com.con-tents.htm
   Google Scholar
• Giardina , E. G. 2000 . Heart disease in women. . International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine , 45 ( 6 ) : 350 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik , J. M. , Land , K. C. , Blazer , D. , Fillenbaum , G. C. and Branch , L. G. 1993 . Educational state and active life expectancy among older blacks and whites. . New England Journal of Medicine , 329 ( 2 ) : 110 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller , K. B. and Lemberg , L. 2000 . Gender differences in acute coronary events. . American Journal of Critical Care , 9 ( 3 ) : 207 – 209 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laditka , J. N. and Laditka , S. B. 2001 . “ Effects of diabetes on healthy life expectancy: Shorter lives with more disability for both women and men. ” . In Paper presented at IUSSP seminar on longer life and healthy aging, Beijing, October 22–24th.
   Google Scholar
• Leigh , J. P. and Fries , J. F. 1994 . Education, gender, and the compression of morbidity. . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 39 ( 3 ) : 233 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Léveillé , S. G. , Resnick , H. E. and Balfour , J. 2000 . Gender differences in disability: Evidence and underlying reasons. . Aging , 12 ( 2 ) : 106 – 112 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manton , K. G. 1997 . Demographic trends for the aging female population. . Journal of the American Medical Women's Association , 52 ( 3 ) : 99 – 105 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martel , L. , Bélanger , A. and Berthelot , J.-M. 2000 . “ Risk factors associated with the transitions between health states: Some results from longitudinal panel of NPHS. ” . In Paper presented at the REVES 12 Meeting, Healthy Life Expectancy: Linking Policy and Science, Los Angeles, March 20 to 22, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Mathers , C. 1992 . “ Estimating gains in health expectancy due to elimination of specific diseases. ” . In Paper presented at the 5th meeting of the International Network on Health Expectancy (REVES-5), February 19–21, Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Melzer , D. , McWilliams , B. , Brayne , C. , Johnson , T. and Bond , J. 2000 . Socioeconomic state and the expectation of disability in old age: Estimates for England. . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 54 ( 2 ) : 286 – 292 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millar , W. and Stephens , T. 1992 . “ Social state and health risks in Canadian adults, 1985 and 1991. ” . In Health Reports (Statistics Canada, catalogue 82–003), 5 143 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Nault , F. , Roberge , R. and Berthelot , J.-M. 1996 . Espérance de vie et espérance de vie en santé selon le sexe, l'état matrimonial et le statut socio-économique au Canada. . Cahiers Québécois de Démographie , 25 ( 2 ) : 241 – 259 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nusselder , W. J. 1998 . Compression or Expansion of Morbidity? A Life-table Approach. 253 Amsterdam : Thesis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Olshansky , S. J. , Rudberg , M. A. , Carnes , B. A. , Cassel , C. K. and Brody , J. A. 1991 . Trading off longer life for worsening health. . Journal of Aging and Health , 3 ( 2 ) : 194 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Prescott , E. I. , Osler , M. , Hein , H. O. , Borch-Johnsen , K. , Schnohr , P. and Vestbo , J. 1999 . Smoking and life expectancy among Danish men and women. . Ugeskr Laeger , 161 ( 9 ) : 1261 – 1263 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers , R. G. , Nam , C. B. and Hummer , R. A. 1994 . “ Activity limitations and cigarette smoking in the United States: Implications for health expectancies. In ” . In Advances in Health Expectancies Edited by: Mathers , C. D. , McCallum , J. and Robine , J.-M. 337 – 344 . Canberra : Australian Institute of Health and Welfare .
   Google Scholar
• Songer , T. J. 2001 . “ Disability in diabetes ” . In Diabetes in America, , 2nd edition 259 – 282 . http://di-abetes-in-america.s-3.com.contents.htm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2000 . “ Women in Canada 2000: A gender-based statistical report. ” . In Statistics Canada Target Groups Project catalogue 89–503 49 – 88 . Ottawa : Minister of Industry .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2001a . Report on the demographic situation in Canada 2000. Catalogue 91–209 203 Ottawa : Minister of Industry .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2001b . “ How healthy are Canadians? ” . In Health Reports (catalogue 82–003), 12, 3, special issue
   Google Scholar
• Tambay , J.-L. , Schiopu-Kratina , I. , Mayda , J. , Stukel , D. and Nadon , S. 1998 . “ Treatment of nonresponse in Cycle Two of the National Population Health Survey. ” . In Survey Methodology (Statistics Canada, catalogue 12–001), 24, 2 147 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Valkonen , T. , Sihvonen , A. P. and Lahelma , E. 1997 . Health expectancy by level of education in Finland. . Social Science and Medicine , 44 ( 6 ) : 801 – 808 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbrugge , L. M. 1984 . Longer life but worsening health? Trendsin health and mortality of middle-aged and older persons. . Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health and Society , 62 ( 3 ) : 475 – 519 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization) . 1995 . Physical state: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of the WHO Expert Committee . WHO Technical Report Series , , Geneva
   Google Scholar
• Wigle , D. T. 1995 . Canada's health state: A public health perspective. . Risk Analysis , 15 ( 6 ) : 693 – 698 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar