REFERENCES
- Burkhauser , R. V. , Butler , J. S. and Holden , K. C. 1991 . How the death of a spouse affects economic wellbeing after retirement: A hazard model approach. . Social Science Quarterly , 72 : 504 – 519 .
- Choi , N. G. 1992 . Correlates of the economic status of widowed and divorced elderly women. . Journal of Family Issues , 13 : 38 – 56 .
- Choudhury , S. and Leonesio , M. V. 1997 . Life-cycle aspects of poverty among older women. . Social Security Bulletin , 60 : 17 – 36 .
- Dodge , H. H. 1995 . Movements out of poverty among elderly widows. . Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences , 50B : S240 – S249 .
- Hardy , M. A. and Hazelrigg , L. E. 1993 . The gender of poverty in an aging population. . Research on Aging , 15 : 243 – 278 .
- Kitson , G. C. and Roach , M. J. 1989 . “ Independence and social and psychological adjustment in widowhood and divorce. ” . In Older bereaved spouses: Research with practical applications. Edited by: Lund , D. A. New York : Hemisphere. .
- Krause , N. and Jay , G. 1991 . Stress, social support, and negative interaction in later life. . Research on Aging , 13 : 333 – 363 .
- Miller , N. B. and Smerglia , V. L. 1998 . Stressful life events, social support, and the distress of widowed and divorced women. . Journal of Family Issues , 19 : 181 – 204 .
- National Institute of Mental Health . 1999 . The many dimensions of depression in women: Women at risk [Online] Available: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/depression/women/risk.html
- Prigerson , H. G. , Maciejewski , P. K. and Rosenheck , R. A. 2000 . Preliminary explorations of the harmful interactive effects of widowhood and marital harmony on health, health service use, and health care costs. . The Gerontologist , 40 : 349 – 357 .
- Quandt , S. A. , McDonald , J. , Arcury , T. A. , Bell , R. A. and Vitolins , M. A. 2000 . Nutritional self-management of elderly widows in rural communities. . The Gerontologist , 40 : 86 – 96 .
- Rauscher , C. 1993 . Malnutrition among the elderly. . Canadian Family Physicians , 39 : 1395 – 1403 .
- Rosenbloom , C. A. and Whittington , F. J. 1993 . The effects of bereavement on eating behaviors and nutrient intakes in elderly widowed persons. . Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences , 48 : S223 – S229 .
- Shahar , D. R. , Schultz , R. , Shahar , A. and Wing , R. R. 2001 . The effect of widowhood on weight change, dietary intake, and eating behavior in the elderly population. . Journal of Aging & Health , 13 : 186 – 200 .
- Smeeding , T. M. 1999 . Social security reform: Improving benefit adequacy and economic security for women Syracuse, NY : Aging Studies Policy Brief . #16
- Smith , K. R. and Zick , C. D. 1994 . Linked lives, dependent demise? Survival analysis of husbands and wives. . Demography , 31 : 81 – 93 .
- Social Security Administration . 1998 . Fast facts and figures about social security 1998 Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office. .
- U.S. Census Bureau . 1998 . Nearly 70 percent of elderly widows live alone. [Online] Available: http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/ms-la.html
- Vartanian , T. P. and McNamara , J. M. 2002 . Older women in poverty: The impact of midlife factors. . Journal of Marriage & Family , 64 : 532 – 549 .
- Zick , C. D. and Smith , K. R. 1991 . Patterns of economic change surrounding the death of a spouse. . Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences , 46 : S310 – S320 .