Marginalization Among the Marginalized

References

• Astrachan , A. 1989 . “ Dividing lines ” . In Men's lives , Edited by: Kimmel , M. S. and Messner , M. A. 63 – 73 . New York : Macmillan . (Original work published in 1986)
   Google Scholar
• Badinter , E. 1995 . XY: On masculine identity , Edited by: Davis , L. New York : Columbia University Press . (Original work published in 1992)
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , J. M. , Finkel , E. , Blackwelder , K. and Bailey , T. 1997 . Masculinity, femininity, and sexual orientation , IL : Northwestern University . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , J. M. , Kim , P. , Hills , A. and Linsenmeier , J. A. 1997 . Butch, femme, or straight-acting?: Partner preferences of gay men and lesbians . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 960 – 973 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , J. M. and Zucker , K. J. 1995 . Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review . Developmental Psychology , 31 : 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , A. P. , Weinberg , M. S. and Hammersmith , S. K. 1981 . Sexual preference: Its development in men and women , Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1974 . The measurement of psychological androgyny . Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , 42 : 155 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1981 . Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing . Psychological Review , 88 : 354 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergling , T. 1997 . Sissyphobia . Genre , 5 September : 52 – 55 . 85
   Google Scholar
• Bernard , L. C. 1982 . Sex-role factor identification and sexual preference of men . Journal of Personality Assessment , 46 : 292 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard , L. C. and Epstein , D. J. 1978 . Androgyny scores of matched homosexual and heterosexual males . Journal of Homosexuality , 4 : 169 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronski , M. 1984 . Culture clash: The making of gay sensibility , Boston : South End Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carrigan , T. , Connell , B. and Lee , J. 1985 . Toward a new sociology of masculinity . Theory and Society , 14 : 551 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauncey , G. 1994 . Gay New York: Gender, urban culture, and the making of the gay male world, 1890–1940 , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Chung , Y. B. and Harmon , L. W. 1994 . The career interests and aspirations of gay men: How sex-role orientation is related . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 45 : 223 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , E. , Rosser , B. R. S. and Strapko , N. 1992 . Sexual and intimacy dysfunction among homosexual men and women . Psychiatric Medicine , 10 : 257 – 271 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deaux , K. 1985 . Sex and gender . Annual Review of Psychology , 36 : 49 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaux , K. 1987 . “ Psychological constructions of masculinity and femininity ” . In Masculinity/femininity: Basic perspectives , Edited by: Reinisch , J. M. , Rosenbaum , L. A. and Sanders , S. S. 291 – 303 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deaux , K. and Lewis , L. L. 1984 . Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 991 – 1004 .
   Google Scholar
• Dickey , B. A. 1961 . Attitudes toward sex roles and feelings of adequacy in homosexual males . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 25 : 116 – 122 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards , T. 1994 . Erotics & politics: Gay male sexuality, masculinity, and feminism , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Fagot , B. 1977 . Consequences of moderate cross-gender behavior in pre-school children . Child Development , 48 : 902 – 907 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenigstein , A. , Scheier , M. F. and Buss , A. H. 1975 . Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 43 : 522 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske , S. T. and Taylor , S. E. 1991 . Social Cognition, , 2nd ed. , New York : McGraw–Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Foushee , H. C. , Helmreich , R. L. and Spence , J. T. 1979 . Implicit theories of masculinity and femininity: Dualistic or bipolar? . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 3 : 259 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freund , K. and Blanchard , R. 1983 . Is the distant relationship of fathers and homosexual sons related to the sons' erotic preference for male partners, or to the sons' atypical gender identity, or both? . Journal of Homosexuality , 9 : 7 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freund , K. , Nagler , E. , Langevin , R. , Zajac , A. and Steiner , B. 1974 . Measuring feminine gender identity in homosexual males . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 3 : 249 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick , P. and Fiske , S. J. 1996 . The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 491 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin , J. P. 1989 . More man than you'll ever be: Gay folklore and acculturation in middle America , Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gough , J. 1989 . “ Theories of sexual identity and the masculinization of the gay man ” . In Coming on strong: Gay politics and culture , Edited by: Shepherd , S. and Wallis , M. 119 – 136 . Boston : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. 1976 . One-hundred ten feminine and masculine boys: Behavioral contrasts and demographic similarities . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 5 : 425 – 446 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , R. 1987 . The “sissy boy syndrome” and the development of homosexuality , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harry , J. 1982 . Gay children grown up , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Harry , J. 1983a . Defeminization and adult psychological well-being among male homosexuals . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 12 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harry , J. 1983b . Parasuicide, gender, and gender deviance . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 24 : 350 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harry , J. 1995 . Sports ideology, attitudes toward women, and anti-homosexual attitudes . Sex Roles , 32 : 109 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , M. , Roback , H. , Tittler , B. , Weitz , L. , Walston , B. and McKee , E. 1978 . Psychological adjustment of nonpatient homosexuals: Critical review of the research literature . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 39 : 604 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. 1986a . The instrumentality of attitudes: Toward a neofunctional theory . Journal of Social Issues , 42 : 99 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. 1986b . On heterosexual masculinity: Some psychical consequences of the social construction of gender and sexuality . American Behavioral Scientist , 29 : 563 – 577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetrick , E. S. and Martin , A. D. 1987 . Developmental issues and their resolution for gay and lesbian adolescents . Journal of Homosexuality , 14 : 25 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hightower , E. 1997 . Psychosocial characteristics of subtle and blatant racists as compared to tolerant individuals . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 53 : 369 – 374 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hooberman , R. E. 1979 . Psychological androgyny, feminine gender identity and self-esteem in homosexual and heterosexual males . Journal of Sex Research , 15 : 306 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphries , M. 1985 . “ Gay Machismo ” . In The sexuality of men , Edited by: Metcalf , A. and Humphries , M. 70 – 85 . London : Pluto .
   Google Scholar
• Kite , M. E. and Deaux , K. 1987 . Gender belief systems: Homosexuality and the implicit inversion theory . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 11 : 83 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinberg , S. 1989 . “ The new masculinity of gay men, and beyond ” . In Men's lives , Edited by: Kimmel , M. S. and Messner , M. A. 101 – 114 . New York : Macmillan . (Original work published in 1978)
   Google Scholar
• Laner , M. R. and Kamel , G. L. 1977 . Media mating I: Newspaper “personal” ads of homosexual men . Journal of Homosexuality , 3 : 149 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehne , G. K. 1989 . “ Homophobia among men: Supporting and defining the male role ” . In Men's lives , Edited by: Kimmel , M. S. and Messner , M. A. 416 – 429 . New York : Macmillan . (Original work published in 1980)
   Google Scholar
• Levine , M. P. 1992 . “ The life and death of gay clones ” . In Gay culture in America: Essays from the field , Edited by: Herdt , G. H. 68 – 86 . Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levitt , F. and Klassen , A. 1974 . Public attitudes toward homosexuality: Part of the 1970 National Survey by the Institute for Sex Research . Journal of Homosexuality , 1 : 29 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumby , M. E. 1978 . Men who advertise for sex . Journal of Homosexuality , 4 : 63 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. 1987 . “ The varied meanings of “masculine” and “feminine.” . In Masculinity/femininity: Basic perspectives , Edited by: Reinisch , J. M. , Rosenbaum , L. A. and Sanders , S. S. 227 – 239 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. and Jacklin , C. 1974 . The psychology of sex differences , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malyon , A. 1982 . Psychotherapeutic implications of internalized homophobia . Journal of Homosexuality , 7 : 59 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markstrom-Adams , C. 1989 . Androgyny and its relation to adolescent psychosocial well-being: A review of the literature . Sex Roles , 21 : 325 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , C. L. 1995 . Stereotypes about children with traditional and nontraditional gender roles . Sex Roles , 33 : 727 – 751 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , G. J. and Moore , R. J. 1978 . Sex-role self-concepts of homosexual men and their attitudes toward both women and male homosexuality . Journal of Homosexuality , 4 : 3 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh , M. C. and Frieze , I. H. 1997 . The measurement of gender-role attitudes: A review and commentary . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 21 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner , M. A. 1997 . Politics of masculinities: Men in movements , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , I. H. 1995 . Minority stress and mental health in gay men . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 36 : 38 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millett , K. 1978 . Sexual politics , New York : Ballantine . (Original work published in 1969)
   Google Scholar
• Mosse , G. L. 1996 . The image of man: The creation of modern masculinity , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , S. O. 1992 . “ Components of gay community in San Francisco ” . In Gay culture in America: Essays from the field , Edited by: Herdt , G. H. 107 – 146 . Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , A. M. and Gonda , G. 1982 . Utility of the masculinity-femininity construct: Comparison of traditional and androgyny approaches . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 514 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , L. S. , Duff , K. J. and Baumeister , R. F. 1997 . A new look at defensive projection: Thought suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 980 – 1001 .
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , J. 1979 . “ Butcher than thou: Beyond machismo ” . In Gay men: The sociology of male homosexuality , Edited by: Levine , M. P. 328 – 342 . New York : Harper & Row . (Original work published in 1977)
   Google Scholar
• Nungesser , L. G. 1983 . Homosexual acts, actors, and identities , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Orlofsky , J. L. and O'Heron , C. A. 1987 . Stereotypic and nonstereotypic sex role trait and behavior orientations: Implications for personal adjustment . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 1034 – 1042 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkington , N. W. and D'Augelli , A. R. 1995 . Victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings . Journal of Community Psychology , 23 : 34 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleck , J. H. 1989 . “ Men's power with women, other men, and society: A men's movement analysis ” . In Men's lives , Edited by: Kimmel , M. S. and Messner , M. A. 21 – 31 . New York : Macmillan . (Original work published in 1974)
   Google Scholar
• Pronger , B. 1990 . The arena of masculinity: Sports, homosexuality, and the meaning of sex , New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , M. W. and Rosser , B. R. S. 1996 . Measurement and correlates of internalized homophobia: A factor analytic study . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 52 : 15 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim , H. A. and Gur , R. C. 1978 . “ Self-deception, self-confrontation, and consciousness ” . In Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Schwartz , G. E. and Shapiro , D. 139 – 197 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Saghir , M. and Robins , E. 1973 . Male and female homosexuality , Baltimore, MD : Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , R. M. , Bain , J. and Langevin , R. 1985 . “ Feminine gender identity in homosexual men: How common is it? ” . In Erotic preference, gender identity, and aggression in men: New research studies , Edited by: Langevin , R. 249 – 259 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams , R. C. 1994 . Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution, and suicide . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 261 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatzberg , A. F. , Westfall , M. P. , Blumetti , A. B. and Birk , C. L. 1975 . Effeminacy I: A quantitative rating scale . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 4 : 31 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegelman , M. 1972 . Adjustment of male homosexuals and heterosexuals . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 2 : 9 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder , M. 1974 . Self-monitoring of expressive behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 30 : 526 – 537 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontag , S. 1966 . “ Notes on ‘Camp.’ ” . In Against interpretation and other essays , 275 – 292 . New York : Farrar Straus & Giroux .
   Google Scholar
• Storms , M. D. 1979 . Sex role identity and its relationships to sex role attributes and sex role stereotypes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1779 – 1789 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swim , J. K. , Aikin , K. J. , Hall , W. S. and Hunter , B. A. 1995 . Sexism and racism: Old fashioned and modern prejudices . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 199 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavris , C. 1977 . Men and women report their view of masculinity . Psychology Today , January : 35
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , A. 1983 . Conceptions of masculinity and femininity as a basis for stereotypes of male and female homosexuals . Journal of Homosexuality , 9 : 37 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , M. C. and Hall , J. A. 1982 . Psychological androgyny: Theories, methods, and conclusions . Psychological Bulletin , 92 : 347 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , E. H. Jr. and Pleck , J. H. 1986 . Reformulating the male role: The structure of male role norm . American Behavioral Scientist , 29 : 531 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , E. H. Jr. , Pleck , J. H. and Ferrara , D. L. 1992 . Men and masculinities: Scales for masculinity ideology and masculinity-related constructs . Sex Roles , 27 : 573 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , C. A. 1976 . Women among men: Females in the male homosexual community . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 5 : 157 – 169 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberg , M. and Williams , C. 1974 . Male homosexuals: Their problems and adaptations , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weinrich , J. D. 1987 . Sexual landscapes , New York : Charles Scribner's Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Weinrich , J. D. , Atkinson , J. , McCutchan , J. A. , Grant , I. and & the HNRC Group . 1995 . Is gender dysphoria dysphoric?: Elevated depression and anxiety in gender dysphoric and nondysphoric homosexual and bisexual men in an HIV sample . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 24 : 55 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westfall , M. P. , Schatzberg , A. F. , Blumetti , A. B. and Birk , C. L. 1975 . Effeminacy II: Variation with social context . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 4 : 31 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitam , F. L. 1977 . Childhood indicators of male homosexuality . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 6 : 89 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitam , F. L. 1980 . The prehomosexual male child in three societies: The United States, Guatemala, Brazil . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 9 : 87 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitam , F. L. and Mathy , R. M. 1986 . Male homosexuality in four societies: Brazil, Guatemala, the Philippines, and the United States , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• White , E. 1994 . “ The political vocabulary of homosexuality ” . In The Burning Library , 69 – 81 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . (Original work published in 1980)
   Google Scholar