Importance of Seed Reserves in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Formation and Growth of Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

REFERENCES

• Alkaraki , G. N. and Clark , R. B. 1999 . Mycorrhizal influence on protein and lipid of durum wheat grown at different soil phosphorus levels . Mycorrhiza , 9 : 97 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Allsopp , N. and Stock , W. D. 1995 . Relationship between seed reserves, seedling growth and mycorrhizal responses in 14 related shrubs (Rosidae) from a low nutrient environment . Functional Ecology , 9 : 248 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Ampofo , S. T. , Moore , K. G. and Lovell , P. H. 1976 . The role of cotyledons in four Acer Species and in Fagus sylvatica during early seedling development . New Phytologist , 76 : 31 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher , C. J. 1987 . “ Crop nutrition during establishment phase: Role of seed reserves ” . In Crop establishment problems in Queensland: Recognition, research and resolutions , Edited by: Wood , I. M. , Hazard , W. H. and From , F. 88 – 106 . Brisbane, , Australia : Australian Institute of Agricultural Science .
   Google Scholar
• Association of Official Agricultural Chemists . 1970 . Official methods of analysis , 11th ed. , 1184 – 1203 . Washington, DC, , USA : AOAC .
   Google Scholar
• Ba , A. M. , Garbaye , J. , Martin , F. and Dexheimer , J. 1994 . Root soluble carbohydrates of Afzelia africana Sm. seedlings and mycorrhizal establishment in response to excition of cotyledons . Mycorrhiza , 4 : 269 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Bethlenfalvay , G. J. , Mihara , K. L. and Schreiner , R. P. 1994 . Mycorrhizae alter protein and lipid contents and yield of pea seeds . Crop Science , 34 : 998 – 1003 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , D. J. 1962 . “ Emission and absorption spectrochemical methods ” . In Modern Methods of Plant Analysis , Edited by: Peach , K. and Tracey , M. V. 1 – 25 . Berlin, , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Douds , D. D. Jr. , Pfeffer , P. E. and Shachar-Hill , Y. 2000 . “ Carbon portioning, cost and metabolism of arbuscular mycoirrhizas ” . In Arbuscular mycorrhizas: Physiology and function , Edited by: Kapulinik , Y. and Douds , D. D. Jr . 107 – 129 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. T. and Schelsinger , W. H. 1983 . Nutrient use by evergreen and deciduous shrubs in southern California . Journal of Ecology , 71 : 43 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habte , M. , Muruleedhran , B. N. and Ikawa , H. 1993 . Response of neem (Azadirachta indicia A. Juss.) to soil-P concentration and mycorrhizal colonization . Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation , 7 : 327 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , M. L. 1973 . Soil chemical analysis , New Delhi, , India : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , N. C. , Graham , J. H. and Smith , F. A. 1997 . Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism-parasitism continuum . New Phytologist , 135 : 575 – 585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koide , R. T. 1993 . Physiology of the mycorrhizal plant . Advances in Plant Pathology , 9 : 33 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Koide , R. T. , Goff , M. D. and Dickie , I. A. 2000 . Component growth efficiencies of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants . New Phytologist , 148 : 163 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koske , R. E. and Gemma , J. N. 1989 . A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VA mycorrhizas . Mycological Research , 92 : 486 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry , O. H. , Rosebrough , N. J. , Farr , A. L. and Randal , R. J. 1951 . Protein measurement with the folin-phenol reagent . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 193 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , P. E. and Kozolowski , T. T. 1976 . Importance of photosynthetic cotyledons for early growth of woody angiosperms . Physiology Plantarum , 37 : 336 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• McGonigle , T. P. , Miller , M. H. , Evans , D. G. , Fairchild , G. L. and Swan , J. A. 1990 . A method which gives an objective measures of colonization of roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . New Phytologist , 115 : 495 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthukumar , T. and Udaiyan , K. 2000 . The role of seed reserves in arbuscular mycorrhizal formation and growth of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. and Zea mays L . Mycorrhiza , 9 : 323 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Muthukumar , T. , Udaiyan , K. and Rajeshkannan , V. 2001 . Response of neem (Azadirachta indicia A. Juss) to indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphate-solubilizing and asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria under tropical nursery conditions . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 34 : 417 – 426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , P. E. , Douds , D. D. Jr. , Becard , G. and Shachar-Hill , Y. 1999 . Carbon uptake and the metabolism and transport of lipids in an arbuscular mycorrhiza . Plant Physiology , 120 : 587 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , J. H. and Hayman , D. S. 1970 . Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection . Transactions of the British Mycological Society , 55 : 158 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , W. M. 1979 . The most probable number method for enumerating infective propagules of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 17 : 515 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennant , D. 1975 . A test of a modified line intersect method of estimating root length . Journal of Ecology , 63 : 995 – 1001 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulff , R. D. 1986 . Seed size variation in Desmodiumpaniculatum. II. Effects on seedling growth and physiological performance . Journal of Ecology , 74 : 99 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Yemm , E. W. and Wills , A. J. 1954 . The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone . Biochemistry , 57 : 508 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangaro , W. , Bononi , V. L.R. and Trafen , S. B. 2000 . Mycorrhizal dependency, inoculum potential and habitat preference of native woody species in South Brazil . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 16 : 603 – 622 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar , J. H. 1984 . Biostatistical analysis , Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Zhu , Y. G. and Smith , S. E. 2001 . Seed phosphorus (P) content affects growth, and Puptake of wheat plants and their association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . Plant and Soil , 231 : 105 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar