Pressure Pain Thresholds in Chronic Whiplash Associated Disorder: Further Evidence of Altered Central Pain Processing

REFERENCES

• Maimaris C, Barnes M, Allen M. “Whiplash injuries” of the neck: a retrospective study. Injury 1988; 19: 393–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargan M, Bannister G. Long term prognosis of soft-tissue injuries of the neck. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1990; 72: 901–903
   Google Scholar
• Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N. Clinical review. Whiplash injury. Pain 1994; 58: 283–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley L, Long D, Riley L. The science of whiplash. Medicine 1995; 74: 298–299
   Google Scholar
• Davis S, Teresi L, Bradley W, et al. Cervical spine hyperextension injuries: MR findings. Radiology 1991; 180: 245–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson H, Bring G, Rauschning W, et al. Hidden cervical spine injuries in traffic accident victims with skull fractures. J Spinal Dis 1991; 4: 251–263
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonsson H, Cesarini K, Sahlstedt B, et al. Findings and outcome in whiplash-type neck distortions. Spine 1994; 19: 2733–2743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnsley L, Lord S, Wallis B, et al. The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophyseal joint pain after whiplash. Spine 1995; 20: 20–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor J, Taylor M. Cervical spinal injuries: an autopsy study of 109 blunt injuries. J Musculoskel Pain 1996; 4(4)61–79
   Google Scholar
• Pettersson K, Hildingsson C, Toolanen G, et al. Disc pathology after whiplash injury: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and clinical investigation. Spine 1997; 22: 283–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheather-Reid R, Cohen M. Psychophysical evidence for a neuropathic component of chronic neck pain. Pain 1998; 75: 341–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koelbaek-Johansen M, Graven-Nielsen T, Schou-Olesen A, et al. Muscular hyperalgesia and referred pain in chronic whiplash syndrome. Pain 1999; 83: 229–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moog M, Zusman M, Quintner J, et al. Allodynia and psychological profile in chronic whiplash patients in 9th World Congress on Pain. IASP, Vienna 1999
   Google Scholar
• Hogeweg J, Kuis W, Oosterndorp R, et al. General and segmental reduced pain thresholds in juvenile chronic arthritis. Pain 1995; 62: 11–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magora A, Vatine J, Magora F. Quantification of musculoskeletal pain by pressure algometry. The Pain Clinic 1992; 5: 101–104
   Google Scholar
• Jensen R, Rasmussen K, Pedersen B, et al. Cephalic muscle tenderness and pressure pain threshold in a general population. Pain 1992; 48: 197–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radanov B, Sturzenegger M, Di Stefano G. Long-term outcome after whiplash injury. A 2-year follow-up considering features of injury mechanism and somatic, radiologic, and psychological findings. Medicine 1995; 74: 281–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer A. Pressure algometry over normal muscles. Standard values, validity and reproducibility of pressure threshold. Pain 1987; 30: 115–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennum J, Kjeldsen M, Jensen K, et al. Measurements of human pressure pain thresholds of fingers and toes. Pain 1989; 38: 211–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogeweg A, Langereis M, Bernards A, et al. Algometry measuring pain threshold, method and characteristics in healthy subjects. Scand J Rehab Med 1992; 24: 99–103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee K, Lee M, et al. Pressure pain thresholds of head and neck muscles in a normal population. J Musculoskel Pain 1994; 2: 67–81
   Google Scholar
• Jensen K, Anderson H, Olesen J, et al. Pressure pain threshold in the human temporal region. Evaluation of a new pressure algoeter. Pain 1986; 25: 313–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonaci F, Bovim G, Fasano M, et al. Pain threshold in humans. A study with the pressure algometer. Funct Neurol 1992; 4: 283–288
   Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Treleaven J, Edwards S, et al. Pressure pain thresholds of upper limb peripheral nerve trunks in asymptomatic subjects. Phys Res Int 2000; 5(4)220–229
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer W, Skovron M, Salmi L, et al. Scientific Monograph of Quebec Task Force on Whiplash Associated Disorders: redefining “Whiplash” and its management. Spine 1995; 20: 1–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Smythe H, Yunus M, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arth and Rheum, 33: 160–172, 1990
   Google Scholar
• Magnusson T. Extracervical symptoms after whiplash trauma. Cephalalgia 1994; 14: 223–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keogh B, Ebbs S. Normal Surface Anatomy. Heinemann Medical, London 1984
   Google Scholar
• Munglani R. Neurobiological mechanisms underlying chronic whiplash associated pain. J Musculoskel Pain 2000; 8(1/2)169–178
   Google Scholar
• Butler D. Mobilization of the Nervous System. Churchill Livingstone, Melbourne 1991
   Google Scholar
• Bove G, Nilsson N. Pressure pain threshold and pain tolerance in episodic tension-type headache do not depend on the presence of headache. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 174–178
   Google Scholar
• Jull G. Deep cervical flexor muscle dysfunction in whiplash. J Musculoskel Pain 2000; 8(1/2)143–154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogduk N. Anatomy and physiology of headache. Biomed Pharmacother 1995; 49: 435–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening J, Lynn B. Minor peripheral nerve injuries: an underestimated source of pain. Man Ther 1998; 3: 187–194
   Google Scholar
• Bove G, Light A. The nervi nervorum. Missing link for neuropathic pain?. Pain Forum 1997; 6: 181–190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashbury A, Fields H. Pain due to peripheral nerve damage: an hypothesis. Neurology 1984; 34: 1587–1590
   Google Scholar
• Hall T, Quintner J. Responses to mechanical stimulation of the upper limb in cervical radiculopathy. Aust J Physio 1996; 42: 277–285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elvey R. Physical evaluation of the peripheral nervous system in disorders of pain and dysfunction. J Hand Ther 1997; 10: 122–129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ochoa J. Valid versus redundant links in the theory for “neuropathic pains.”. Pain Forum 1997; 6: 196–198
   Google Scholar
• Gracely R, Lynch S, Bennett G. Painful neuropathy: altered central processing maintained dynamically by peripheral input. Pain 1992; 51: 175–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar