Intracerebroventricular Infusions of gp120 Inhibit Weight Gain and Induce Atrophy in the Hippocampus and Neostriatum Without Affecting Cognition

REFERENCES

• Simpson , D. M. and Tagliati , M. 1994 . Neurologic manifestations of HIV infection. . Ann Intern Med , 121 : 769 – 785 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tross , S. , Price , R. W. Navia , B. 1988 . Neuropsychological characterization of the ADIS dementia complex: A preliminary report. . AIDS , 2 : 81 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navia , B. A. , Jordon , B. D. and Price , R. W. 1986a . The AIDS dementia complex: I. . Clinical features. Ann Neurol , 19 : 517 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruff , P. , Currie , J. , Malone , V. , McArthur-Jackson , C. , Mulhall , B. and Bensom , E. 1994 . Neuropsychological characterization of the AIDS dementia complex and rationalization of a test battery. . Arch Neurol , 51 : 689 – 695 .
   Google Scholar
• Hestad , K. , McArthur , J. H. Dal Pan , G. J. 1993 . Regional brain atrophy in HIV-1 infection: Association with specific neuropsychological test performance. . Acta Neurol Scand , 88 : 112 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poutiainen , E. , Elovaara , I. Raininko , R. 1993 . Cognitive performance in HIV-1 infection: Relationship to severity of disease and brain atrophy. . Acta Neurol Scand , 87 : 88 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artigas , J. , Grosse , G. , Miedobitek , F. , Kassner , M. , Risch , W. and Heise , W. 1994 . Severe toxoplasmic ventriculomeningoencephalomyelitis in two AIDS patients following treatment of cerebral toxoplasmic granuloma. . Clin Neuropathol , 13 : 120 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Gelman , B. B. and Guinto , F. C. Jr. 1992 . Morphometry, histopathology, and tomography of cerebral atrophy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. . Ann Neurol , 32 : 31 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navia , B. A. , Cho , E. S. , Petito , C. K. and Price , R. W. 1986b . The AIDS dementia complex: II. . Neuropathology. Ann Neurol , 19 : 525 – 535 .
   Google Scholar
• Aylward , E. H. , Henderer , J. D. McArthur , J. C. 1993 . Reduced basal ganglia volume in HIV-1-associated dementia: Results form a quantitative neuroimaging. . Neurol , 43 : 2099 – 2104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal Pan , G. J. , McArthur , J. H. Aylward , E. 1992 . Patterns of cerebral atrophy in HIV-1-infected individuals: Results of a quantitative MRI analysis. . Neurol. , 42 : 2125 – 2130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oster , S. , Christoffersen , P. , Gundersen. , H. J. , Nielsen , J. O. , Pedersen , C. and Pakkenberg , B. 1995 . Six billion neurons lost in AIDS: A stereologic study of the neocortex. . APMIS , 103 : 525 – 529 .
   Google Scholar
• Everall , I. P. , Luthert , P. J. and Lantos , P. L. 1991 . Neuronal loss in the frontal cortex of HIV infection. . Lancet , 337 : 1119 – 1121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketzler , S. , Weis , S. , Haug , H. and Budka , H. 1990 . Loss of neurons in the frontal cortex of AIDS brains. . Acta Neuropathologica , 80 : 92 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , J. , Gyldensted , C. , Brun , B. , Bruhn , P. , Helweg- Larsen , S. and Arlien-Soborg , P. 1989 . Cerebral ventricular enlargement relates to neuropsychological measure in unselected AIDS patients. . Acta Neurol Scand , 79 : 59 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi , K. , Wesselingh , S. L. , Griffin , D. E. , McArthur , J. C. , Johnson , R. T. and Glass , J. D. 1996 . Localization of HIV-1 in human brain using PCR/in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. . Ann Neurol , 39 : 705 – 711 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glass , J. D. , Fedar , H. , Wesslingh , S. L. and McArthur , J. C. 1995 . Immunocytochemical quatitation of human immunodeficiency virus in the brain: Correlations with dementia. . Ann Neurol , 38 : 755 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He , J. , Chen , Y. Farzon , M. 1997 . CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. . Nature , 385 : 645 – 649 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselgesser , J. , Taub , D. Baskar , P. 1998 . Neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gp120 and the chemokine SDF-1 alpha is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR4. . Curr Biol , 8 : 595 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannuzel , A. , Barnier , J. V. Hery , C. 1997 . Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its coat protein gp120 induce apoptosis and activate JNK and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neurons. . Ann Neurol , 42 : 847 – 856 .
   Google Scholar
• Shi , B. , DeGirolami , U. , Wang , S. , Lorenzo , A. , Busciglio , J. and Gabuzda , D. 1996 . Apoptosis induced by HIV-infection of the central nervous system. . J Clin Invest , 98 : 1979 – 1990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savio , T. and Levi , G. 1993 . Neurotoxicity of HIV coat protein gp120, NMDA receptors, and protein kinase-C: A study with rat cerebellar granule cell cultures. . J Neurosci Res , 34 : 265 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Brenneman , D. E. , Westbrook , G. L. and Fitzgerald , S. P. 1988 . Neuronal cell killing by the envelope protein of HIV and its prevention by vasoactive intestinal peptide. . Nature , 335 : 639 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , P. K. , Offermann , J. T. and Lipton , S. A. 1990 . Neuronal injury due to HIV-1 envelope protein is blocked by anti-gp120 antibodies but not by anti-CD4 antibodies. . Neurol , 40 : 1757 – 1761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , V. L. , Dawson , T. M. , Uhl , G. R. and Snyder , S. H. 1993 . Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coat protein neurotoxicity mediated by nitric oxide in primary cortical cultures. . Proc Natl Acad Sci , 90 : 3256 – 3259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foga , I. O. , Nath , A. , Hasinoff , B. B. and Geiger , J. D. 1997 . Antioxidants and dipyrid-amole inhibits HIV-1 gp120-induced free radical-based oxidative damage to human monocytoid cells. . J Acquir Immunodefic Syndr Hum Retrovirol , 16 : 223 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Pietraforte , D. , Tritarelli , E. , Testa , U. and Minetti , M. 1994 . Gp120 HIV envelope glycoprotein increases the production of nitric oxide in human monocyte-derived macrophages. . J Leukocyte Biol , 55 : 175 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton , S. A. 1992 . Models of neuronal injury in AIDS: Another role for the NMDA receptor? . Trends Neurosci , 15 : 75 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zembala , M. , Pryjma , J. Pluciemniczak , A. 1995 . Interaction of HIV-1 gp120 molecule fragments with human monocytes: Different requirements for tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 production. . Clinical Immunol Immunopathol , 75 : 131 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Yeung , M. C. , Pulliam , L. and Lau , A. S. 1995 . The HIV envelope protein gp120 is toxic to human brain-cell cultures through the induction of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. . AIDS , 9 : 137 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , J. M. , Mervis , R. F. , Avidor , R. , Moody , T. W. and Brenneman , D. E. 1993 . HIV envelope protein-induced neuronal damage and retardation of behavioral development in rat neonates. . Brain Res , 603 : 222 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Tabatabaie , T. , Stewart , C. , Pye , Q. , Kotake , Y. and Floyd , R. A. 1996 . In vivo trapping of nitric oxide in the brain of neonatal rats treated with the HIV-1 envelope protein GP120: Protective effects of α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone. . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 221 : 386 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barks , J. D. , Sun , R. , Malinak , C. and Silverstein , F. S. 1995 . Gp120, an HIV-1 protein, increases susceptibility to hypoglycemic and ischemic brain injury in perinatal rats. . Exp Neurol , 132 : 123 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucke , L. , Masliah , E. and Campbell , I. L. 1995 . Transgenic models to assess the neuropathogenic potential of HIV-1 proteins and cytokines. . Curr Opin Microbiol Immunol , 202 : 187 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Toggas , S. M. , Masliah , E. , Rockenstein , E. M. , Rall , G. F. , Abraham , C. R. and Mucke , L. 1994 . Central nervous system damage produced by expression of the HIV-1 coat protein gp120 in transgenic mice. . Nature , 367 : 188 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glowa , J. R. , Panlilio , L. V. , Brenneman , D. E. , Gozes , I. , Fridkin , M. and Hill , J. M. 1992 . Learning impairment following intracerebral administration of the HIV envelope protein gp120 or a VIP antagonist. . Brain Res , 570 : 49 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh , C. R. , Johnson , J. D. , Martin , D. , Rudy , J. W. , Maier , S. F. and Watkins , L. R. 2000 . Human immunodeficiency virus-1 coat protein gp120 impairs contextual fear conditioning: a potential role in AIDS related learning and memory impairments. . Brain Res , 861 : 8 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagetta , G. , Finazzi-AgrAo , A. , Palma , E. and NisticAo , G. 1994 . Intracerebral injection of human immunodeficiency virus type I coat glycoprotein gp120 does not produce neurodegeneration in rats. . Neurosci Letts , 176 : 97 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Bagetta , G. , Corasaniti , M. T. , Berliocchi , L. , Navarra , M. , Finazzi-Agro , A. and Nistico , G. 1995 . HIV-1 gp120 produces DNA fragmentation in the cerebral cortex of rat. . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 211 : 130 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Bagetta , G. , Corasaniti , M. T. , Aloe , L. , Berliocchi , L. , Costa , N. , Finazzi-Agro , A. and Nistico , G. 1996 . Intracerebral injection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coat protein gp120 differentially affects the expression of nerve growth factor and nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampus of rat. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 93 : 928 – 933 .
   Google Scholar
• Corasaniti , M. T. , Strongoli , M. C. , Piccirilli , S. , Nistico , R. , Costa , A. , Bilotta , A. , Turano , P. , Finazzi-Agro , A. and Bagetta , G. 2000 . Apoptosis induced by gp120 in the neo-cortex of rat involves enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase type 2 and is prevented by NMDA receptor antagonists and by the 21-aminosteroid U-74389G. . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 274 : 664 – 669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sack , C. A. , Socci , D. J. , Crandall , B. M. and Arendash , G. W. 1996 . Antioxidant treatment with phenyl-a-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) improves cognitive performance and survival of aging rats. . Neurosci Letts , 205 : 181 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Socci , D. J. , Crandall , B. M. and Arendash , G. W. 1995 . Chronic antioxidant treatment improves the cognitive performance of aged rats. . Brain Res , 693 : 88 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselgesser , J. , Halk-Miller , M. DelVecchio , V. 1997 . CD4-independent association between HIV-1 gp120 and CXCR4: functional chemokine receptors are expressed in human neurons. . Curr Biol , 7 : 112 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieniasz , P. D. , Fridell , R. A. , Anthony , K. and Cullen , B. R. 1997 . Murine CXCR-4 is a functional corectpro for T-cell-tropic and dual tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. . J Virol , 71 : 7097 – 7100 .
   Google Scholar
• Tachibana , K. , Nakajima , T. Sato , A. 1997 . CXCR4/fusin is not a species-specific barrier in murine cells for HIV-1 entry. . J Exp Med , 185 : 1865 – 1870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konig , J. and Klippel , A. 1963 . The Rat Brain: A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Forebrain and Lower Parts of the Brain Stem Baltimore : William and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Arendash , G. W. , King , D. L. , Gordon , M. N. , Morgan , D. , Hatcher , J. M. , Hope , C. E. and Diamond , D. M. 2001 . Progressive, age-related behavioral impairments in transgenic mice carrying both mutant amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 transgenes. . Brain Res , 891 : 42 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendash , G. W. , Lewis , J. , Leighty , R. E. , McGowan , E. , Cracchiolo , J. R. , Hutton , M. and Garcia , M. F. 2004 . Multi-metric behavioral comparison of APPsw and P301L models for Alzheimer's Disease: linkage of poorer cognitive performance to tau pathology in forebrain. . Brain Res , 1012 : 29 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masliah , E. , Ge , N. , Achim , C. L. , Hansen , L. A. and Wiley , C. A. 1992 . Selective neuronal vulnerability in HIV encephalitis. . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , 51 : 585 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petito , C. K. and Robert , B. 1995 . Evidence of apoptotic cell death in HIV encephalitis. . Am J Pathol , 146 : 1121 – 1130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley , C. A. , Schrier , R. D. , Nelson , J. A. , Lampert , P. W. and Oldstone , M. B.A . 1986 . Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. . Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA , 83 : 7089 – 7093 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman , R. N. , Wang , S. , DiBenedetto , A. J. and Mills , J. C. 1993 . A system for characterizing cellular and molecular events in programmed neuronal cell death. . J Neurosci , 13 : 3669 – 3680 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid , D. M. , Perry , V. H. , Andersson , P. B. and Gordon , S. 1993 . Mitosis and apoptosis of microglia in vivo induced by an anti-CR3 antibody which crosses the blood-brain barrier. . Neurosci , 56 : 529 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy , M. , He , J. and Wood , C. 1998 . HIV-1 strain associated variability in infection of primary neuroglia. . J Virol , 4 : 80 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , P. , Summerbell , C. Ngwenya , B. 1996 . Systemic immune activation as a potential determinant of wasting Zambians with HIV-related diarrhoea. . Quart J Med , 89 : 831 – 837 .
   Google Scholar
• Fantino , M. and Wieteska , L. 1993 . Evidence for a direct central anorectic effect of tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha in the rat. . Physiol Beh , 53 : 477 – 483 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baier-Bitterlich , G. , Fuchs , D. Murr , C. 1995 . Effect of neopterin and 7, 8-dihy-droneopterin on tumor necrosis factor-α induced programmed cell death. . FEBS Lett , 364 : 234 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao , C. C. and Hu , S. 1994 . Tumor necrosis factor-alpha potentiates glutamate neuro-toxicity in human fetal brain cell cultures. . Dev Neurosci , 16 : 172 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan , H. C. and Aruoma , O. I. 1994 . Oxidative stress and apoptosis in HIV infection: A role for plant derived metabolites with synergistic antioxidant activity. . Immunol Today , 15 : 209 – 213 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pace , G. W. and Leaf , C. D. 1995 . The role of oxidative stress in HIV disease. . Free Rad Biol Med , 19 : 523 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoji , Y. , Uedono , Y. , Ishikura , H. , Takeyama , N. and Tanaka , T. 1995 . DNA damage induced by tumor necrosis factor-α in L929 cells is mediated by mitochondrial oxygen radical formation. . Immunol , 84 : 543 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talley , A. K. , Dewhurst , S. Perry , S. W. 1995 . Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in human neuronal cells: Protection by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine and the genes bcl-2 and crmA. . Mol Cell Biol , 15 : 2359 – 2366 .
   Google Scholar
• Yin , D. , Kondo , S. , Barnett , G. H. , Morimura , T. and Takeuchi , J. 1995 . Tumor necrosis factor-α induces p53-dependent apoptosis in rat glioma cells. . Neurosurg , 37 : 758 – 762 .
   Google Scholar
• Folks , T. M. , Clouse , K. A. Justement , J. 1989 . Tumor necrosis factor α induces expression of human immunodeficiency virus in a chronically infected T-cell clone. . Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA , 86 : 2365 – 2368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilt , S. G. , Milward , E. Zhou , J. M . 1995 . In vitro evidence for a dual role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encephalopathy. . Ann Neurol , 37 : 381 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar