5
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Introduction: Cannabis: From Pariah to Prescription

Pages 1-29 | Published online: 15 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Abrams , D. , Leiser , R. , Hilton , J. , Shade , S. , Elbeik , T. , Aweeka , F. , Benowitz , N. , Bredt , B. , Kosel , B. , Aberg , J. , Deeks , S. , Mitchell , T. , Mulligan , K. , McCune , J. and Schambelan , M. 2002 . Short-term effects of cannabinoids in patients with HIV-1 infection. Paper read at Symposium on the Cannabinoids, July 13, at Asilomar Conference Center Pacific Grove, CA
  • Abuse, United States Commission on Marihuana and Drug. 1972 . Marihuana: A signal of misunderstanding; First report. Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Off. .
  • Adams , M. D. , Earnhardt , J. T. , Martin , B. R. , Harris , L. S. , Dewey , W. L. and Razdan , R. K. 1977 . A cannabinoid with cardiovascular activity but no overt behavioral effects. . Experientia , 33 ( 9 ) : 1204 – 5 .
  • Aldrich , M. R. 1997 . “ History of therapeutic cannabis. In ” . In Cannabis in medical practice: A legal, historical and pharmacological overview of the therapeutic use of marijuana Edited by: Mathre , M. L. NC : McFarland. .
  • Anonymous. 2003 . Guidelines for cultivating cannabis for medicinal purposes . [Voorschriften voor de verbouw van cannabis voor medicinale doeleinden]. J Cannabis Therapeutics , 3 ( 2 ) : 51 – 61 .
  • Baker , D. , Pryce , G. , Croxford , J. L. , Brown , P. , Pertwee , R. G. , Huffman , J. W. and Layward , L. 2000 . Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. . Nature , 404 ( 6773 ) : 84 – 7 .
  • Baker , D. , Pryce , G. , Giovannoni , G. and Thompson , A. J. 2003 . The therapeutic potential of cannabis. . Lancet Neurology , 2 ( May ) : 291 – 298 .
  • Ben-Shabat , S. , Fride , E. , Sheskin , T. , Tamiri , T. , Rhee , M. H. , Vogel , Z. , Bisogno , T. , De Petrocellis , L. , Di Marzo , V. and Mechoulam , R. 1998 . An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity . Eur J Pharmacol , 353 ( 1 ) : 23 – 31 .
  • Bisogno , T. , Hanus , L. , De Petrocellis , L. , Tchilibon , S. , Ponde , D. E. , Brandi , I. , Moriello , A. S. , Davis , J. B. , Mechoulam , R. and Di Marzo , V. 2001 . Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. . Br J Pharmacol , 134 ( 4 ) : 845 – 52 .
  • Broom , S. L. , Sufka , K. J. , Elsohly , M. A. and Ross , R. A. 2001 . Analgesic and reinforcing proerties of delta9-THC-hemisuccinate in adjuvant-arthritic rats. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 1 ( 3–4 ) : 171 – 182 .
  • Browne , R. G. and Weissman , A. 1981 . Discriminative stimulus properties of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: mechanistic studies. . J Clin Pharmacol , 21 ( 8–9 Suppl ) 227S-234S
  • Burstein , S. 1992 . “ Eicosanoids as mediators of cannabinoid action. In ” . In Marijuana/Cannabinoids: Neurobiology and neurophysiology of drug abuse Edited by: Murphy , L. and Bartke , A. Boca Raton : CRC Press. .
  • Cabral , G. 2001 . “ Immune system. In ” . In Cannabis and cannabinoids: Pharmacology, toxicology and therapeutic potential Edited by: Grotenhermen , F. and Russo , E. B. Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press. .
  • Campbell , F. A. , Tramber , M. R. , Carroll , D. , Reynolds , D. J. M. , Moore , R. A. and McQuay , H. J. 2001 . Are cannabinoids an effective and safe option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review. . Brit Medl J , 323 ( 7 July ) : 1 – 6 .
  • Carlini , E. A. and Cunha , J. M. 1981 . Hypnotic and antiepileptic effects of cannabidiol. . J Clin Pharmacol , 21 ( 8–9 Suppl ) 417S-427S
  • Casanova , M. L. , Blazquez , C. , Martinez-Palacio , J. , Villanueva , C. , Fernandez-Acenero , M. J. , Huffman , J. W. , Jorcano , J. L. and Guzman , M. 2003 . Inhibition of skin tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo by activation of cannabinoid receptors. . J Clin Invest , 111 ( 1 ) : 43 – 50 .
  • Challapalli , P. V. and Stinchcomb , A. L. 2002 . In vitro experiment optimization for measuring tetrahydrocannabinol skin permeation. . Int J Pharm , 241 ( 2 ) : 329 – 39 .
  • Chang , A. E. , Shiling , D. J. , Stillman , R. C. , Goldberg , N. H. , Seipp , C. A. , Barofsky , I. , Simon , R. M. and Rosenberg , S. A. 1979 . Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. A prospective, randomized evaluation. . Ann Intern Med , 91 ( 6 ) : 819 – 24 .
  • Cichewicz , D. L. , Martin , Z. L. , Smith , F. L. and Welch , S. P. 1999 . Enhancement of mu opioid antinociception by oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Dose-response analysis and receptor identification. . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 289 ( 2 ) : 859 – 67 .
  • Cichewicz , D. L. and Welch , S. P. 2002 . The effects of oral administration of delta-9-THC on morphine tolerance and physical dependence. Paper read at Symposium on the Cannabinoids, July 13, at Asilomar Conference Center Pacific Grove, CA
  • Consroe , P. 1998 . Brain cannabinoid systems as targets for the therapy of neurological disorders [In Process Citation]. . Neurobiol Dis , 5 ( 6 Pt B ) : 534 – 51 .
  • Corral , V. L. 2001 . Differential effects of medical marijuana based on strain and route of administration: A three-year observational study. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 1 ( 3–4 ) : 43 – 59 .
  • da Orta , Garcia . 1913 . Colloquies on the simples and drugs of India. London : Henry Sotheran. .
  • de Meijer , E. 2003 . “ The breeding of cannabis cultivars for pharmaceutical end uses. In ” . In Medicinal uses of cannabis and cannabinoids Edited by: Whittle , B. A. , Guy , G. W. and Robson , P. London : Pharmaceutical Press. .
  • de Meijer , E. P. , Bagatta , M. , Carboni , A. , Crucitti , P. , Moliterni , V. M. , Ranalli , P. and Mandolino , G. 2003 . The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. . Genetics , 163 ( 1 ) : 335 – 46 .
  • De Petrocellis , L. , Melck , D. , Palmisano , A. , Bisogno , T. , Laezza , C. , Bifulco , M. and Di Marzo , V. 1998 . The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation. . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 95 ( 14 ) : 8375 – 80 .
  • Dixon , W. E. 1899 . The pharmacology of . Cannabis indica. Brit Med J , 2 : 1354 – 1357 .
  • Dixon , W. E. 1921 . A manual of pharmacology, , 5th ed. London : Edward Arnold & Co. .
  • Elsohly , M. A. , Little , T. L. Jr. , Hikal , A. , Harland , E. , Stanford , D. F. and Walker , L. 1991 . Rectal bioavailability of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol from various esters. . Pharmacol Biochem Behav , 40 ( 3 ) : 497 – 502 .
  • Falk , A. A. , Hagberg , M. T. , Lof , A. E. , Wigaeus-Hjelm , E. M. and Wang , Z. P. 1990 . Uptake, distribution and elimination of alpha-pinene in man after exposure by inhalation. . Scand J Work Environ Health , 16 ( 5 ) : 372 – 8 .
  • Farlow , J. W. 1889 . On the use of belladonna and Cannabis indica by the rectum in gynecological practice. . Boston Med Surg Jl , 120 : 507 – 509 .
  • Fride , E. 2002 . Cannabinoids and cystic fibrosis: A novel approach. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 2 ( 1 ) : 59 – 71 .
  • Fride , E. 2002 . Cannabinoids and feeding: The role of the endogenous cannabinoid system as a trigger for newborn suckling. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 2 ( 3–4 ) : 51 – 62 .
  • Gieringer , D. 1996 . Why marijuana smoke harm reduction? . Bull Multidisciplinary Assoc Psychedelic Stud , 6 ( 64–66 )
  • Gieringer , D. 1996 . Waterpipe study. . Bull Multidisciplinary Assoc Psychedelic Stud , 6 : 59 – 63 .
  • Gieringer , D. 2001 . “ Medical use of cannabis: Experience in California. In ” . In Cannabis and cannabinoids: Pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential Edited by: Grotenhermen , F. and Russo , E. Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press. .
  • Gieringer , D. H. 2001 . Cannabis “vaporization”: A promising strategy for smoke harm reduction. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 1 ( 3–4 ) : 153 – 170 .
  • Grinspoon , L. and Bakalar , J. B. 1998 . The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research. . J Psychoactive Drugs , 30 ( 2 ) : 171 – 7 .
  • Grinspoon , L. and Bakalar , J. B. 1997 . Marihuana, the forbidden medicine., , Rev. and exp. ed. New Haven : Yale University Press. .
  • Guy , G. W. , Whittle , B. A. , Javid , F. A. , Wright , C. and Naylor , R. J. 2002 . “ An inhibitory role for cannabinoids in the control of motion sickness in Suncus marinus. ” . In Paper read at Symposium on the Cannabinoids, at Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, CA
  • Guyatt , G. H. , Keller , J. L. , Jaeschke , R. , Rosenbloom , D. , Adachi , J. D. and Newhouse , M. T. 1990 . The n-of-1 randomized controlled trial: Clinical usefulness. Our three-year experience. . Ann Intern Med , 112 ( 4 ) : 293 – 9 .
  • Haines , T. , Adler , C. D. , Farley , T. P. , Russo , E. B. , Grinspoon , L. and Sweet , R. W. 2000 . Living with our drug policy. . Fordham Urban Law Jl , 28 ( 1 ) : 92 – 129 .
  • Hampson , A. J. , Grimaldi , M. , Axelrod , J. and Wink , D. 1998 . Cannabidiol and (-)delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants. . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 95 ( 14 ) : 8268 – 73 .
  • Herodotus . 1998 . The histories. Oxford New York, , England : Oxford University Press. . Translated by R. Waterfield and C. Dewald
  • Holdcroft , A. , Smith , M. , Jacklin , A. , Hodgson , H. , Smith , B. , Newton , M. and Evans , F. 1997 . Pain relief with oral cannabinoids in familial Mediterranean fever. . Anaesthesia , 52 ( 5 ) : 483 – 6 .
  • Jarvinen , T. , Pate , D. and Laine , K. 2002 . Cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma. . Pharmacol Ther , 95 ( 2 ) : 203
  • Joy , Janet E. , Watson , Stanley J. and Benson , John A. Jr. 1999 . Marijuana and medicine: Assessing the science base Washington, DC : Institute of Medicine .
  • Karniol , I. G. , Shirakawa , I. , Takahashi , R. N. , Knobel , E. and Musty , R. E. 1975 . Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol in man. . Pharmacol , 13 ( 6 ) : 502 – 12 .
  • Killestein , J. , Hoogervorst , E. L. , Reif , M. , Kalkers , N. F. , Van Loenen , A. C. , Staats , P. G. , Gorter , R. W. , Uitdehaag , B. M. and Polman , C. H. 2002 . Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS. . Neurol , 58 ( 9 ) : 1404 – 7 .
  • Lorenzetti , B. B. , Souza , G. E. , Sarti , S. J. , Santos Filho , D. and Ferreira , S. H. 1991 . Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. . J Ethno-pharmacol , 34 ( 1 ) : 43 – 8 .
  • Malfait , A. M. , Gallily , R. , Sumariwalla , P. F. , Malik , A. S. , Andreakos , E. , Mechoulam , R. and Feldmann , M. 2000 . The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 97 ( 17 ) : 9561 – 6 .
  • Mannische , L. 1989 . An ancient Egyptian herbal. Austin : University of Texas. .
  • McKallip , R. J. , Lombard , C. , Fisher , M. , Martin , B. R. , Ryu , S. , Grant , S. , Nagarkatti , P. S. and Nagarkatti , M. 2002 . Targeting CB2 cannabinoid receptors as a novel therapy to treat malignant lymphoblastic disease. . Blood , 100 ( 2 ) : 627 – 34 .
  • McPartland , J. M. , Clarke , R. C. and Watson , D. P. 2000 . Hemp diseases and pests: Management and biological control. Wallingford, , UK : CABI. .
  • McPartland , J. M. and Russo , E. B. 2001 . Cannabis and cannabis extracts: Greater than the sum of their parts? . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 1 ( 3–4 ) : 103 – 132 .
  • Mechoulam , R. and Ben-Shabat , S. 1999 . From gan-zi-gun-nu to anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: The ongoing story of cannabis. . Nat Prod Rep , 16 ( 2 ) : 131 – 43 .
  • Mechoulam , R. , Parker , L. A. and Gallily , R. 2002 . Cannabidiol: an overview of some pharmacological aspects. . J Clin Pharmacol , 42 ( 11 Suppl ) 11S-19S
  • Medicines Control, Agency. 1997 . Rules and guidance for pharmaceutical manufacturers 1997: Orange Guide London : Stationery Office Agency .
  • Merritt , J. C. , Crawford , W. J. , Alexander , P. C. , Anduze , A. L. and Gelbart , S. S. 1980 . Effect of marihuana on intraocular and blood pressure in glaucoma. . Ophthalmol , 87 ( 3 ) : 222 – 8 .
  • Mittleman , M. A. , Lewis , R. A. , Maclure , M. , Sherwood , J. B. and Muller , J. E. 2001 . Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana. . Circulation , 103 ( 23 ) : 2805 – 9 .
  • Müller-Vahl , K. R. , Schneider , U. , Kolbe , H. and Emrich , H. M. 1999 . Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. . Am J Psychiatry , 156 ( 3 ) : 495
  • Muller-Vahl , K. R. , Schneider , U. , Prevedel , H. , Theloe , K. , Kolbe , H. , Daldrup , T. and Emrich , H. M. 2003 . Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of Tics in Tourette syndrome: A 6-week randomized trial. . J Clin Psychiatry , 64 ( 4 ) : 459 – 465 .
  • Musty , R. E. and Rossi , R. 2001 . Effects of smoked cannabis and oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on nausea and emesis after cancer chemotherapy: A review of state clinical trials. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 1 ( 1 ) : 29 – 42 .
  • O'Shaughnessy , W. B. 1838–1840 . “ On the preparations of the Indian hemp, or gunjah (Cannabis indica); Their effects on the animal system in health, and their utility in the treatment of tetanus and other convulsive diseases. ” . In Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Bengal 71 – 102 . 421–461
  • Pate , D. 1994 . Chemical ecology of cannabis. . J Interntl Hemp Assoc , 2 : 32 – 37 .
  • Pertwee , R. G. 2001 . Cannabinoid receptors and pain. . Prog Neurobiol , 63 ( 5 ) : 569 – 611 .
  • Pertwee , R. G. 2001 . Cannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract. . Gut , 48 ( 6 ) : 859 – 67 .
  • Pertwee , R. G. 1998 . “ Advanced in cannabinoid receptor pharmacology in cannabis. In ” . In Cannabis: The genus Cannabis Edited by: Brown , D. T. Amsterdam : Harwood Academic Publishers. .
  • Petro , D. J. 1980 . Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm or spasticity. . Psychosomatics , 21 ( 1 ) : 81 85
  • Petro , D. J. 2002 . Cannabis in multiple sclerosis: Women's health concerns. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 2 ( 3–4 ) : 161 – 175 .
  • Potter , D. 2003 . “ Growth and morphology of medicinal cannabis. In ” . In Medicinal uses of cannabis and cannabinoids Edited by: Whittle , B. A. , Guy , G. W. and Robson , P. London : Pharmaceutical Press. .
  • Randall , R. C. and O'Leary , A. M. 1998 . Marijuana Rx: The patients' fight for medicinal pot. New York : Thunder's Mouth Press. .
  • Rao , V. S. , Menezes , A. M. and Viana , G. S. 1990 . Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. . J Pharm Pharmacol , 42 ( 12 ) : 877 – 8 .
  • Regelson , W. , Butler , J. R. , Schulz , J. , Kirk , T. , Peek , L. , Green , M. L. and Zalis , M. O. 1976 . “ Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an effective antidepressant and appetite-stimulating agent in advanced cancer patients. In ” . In Pharmacology of marihuana. Edited by: Braude , M. C. and Szara , S. Vol 2 , New York : Raven Press .
  • Reynolds , J. R. 1890 . Therapeutical uses and toxic effects of . Cannabis indica. Lancet , 1 : 637 – 638 .
  • Robson , P. and Guy , G. W. 2003 . “ Clinical studies of cannabis-based medicine. In ” . In Medicinal uses of cannabis and cannabinoids Edited by: Whittle , B. A. , Guy , G. W. and Robson , P. London : Pharmaceutical Press. .
  • Roth , M. D. , Marques-Magallanes , J. A. , Yuan , M. , Sun , W. , Tashkin , D. P. and Hankinson , O. 2001 . Induction and regulation of the carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme CYP1A1 by marijuana smoke and delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. . Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , 24 ( 3 ) : 339 – 44 .
  • Russo , E. 1998 . Cannabis for migraine treatment: The once and future prescription? An historical and scientific review. . Pain , 76 ( 1–2 ) : 3 – 8 .
  • Russo , E. 2001 . Cannabinoids in pain management. Study was bound to conclude that cannabinoids had limited efficacy. . Brit Med J , 323 ( 7323 ) : 1249 – 50 .
  • Russo , E. 2002 . Cannabis treatments in obstetrics and gynecology: A historical review. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 2 ( 3–4 ) : 5 – 35 .
  • Russo , E. B. and McPartland , J. M. 2003 . Cannabis is more than simply delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. . Psychopharmacol (Berl , 165 (4):431–2
  • Russo , E. B. 2001 . Handbook of psychotropic herbs: A scientific analysis of herbal remedies for psychiatric conditions. Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press. .
  • Russo , E. B. 2002 . “ Role of cannabis and cannabinoids in pain management. In ” . In Pain management: A practical guide for clinicians Edited by: Weiner , R. S. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press. .
  • Russo , E. B. 2003 . “ The history of cannabis as medicine. In ” . In Medicinal uses of cannabis and cannabinoids Edited by: Whittle , B. A. , Guy , G. W. and Robson , P. London : Pharmaceutical Press. .
  • Russo , E. B. , Mathre , M. L. , Byrne , A. , Velin , R. , Bach , P. J. , Sanchez-Ramos , J. and Kirlin , K. A. 2002 . Chronic cannabis use in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program: An examination of benefits and adverse effects of legal clinical cannabis. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 2 ( 1 ) : 3 – 57 .
  • Russo , E. B. , Merzouki , A. , Molero Mesa , J. and Frey , K. A. 2003 . Cannabis improves night vision: A pilot study of dark adaptometry and scotopic sensitivity in kif smokers of the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco. . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , (Submitted)
  • Russo , E. B. and Stortz , M. 2003 . An interview with Markus Storz: June 19, 2002. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 3 ( 1 ) : 67 – 78 .
  • Russo , E. B. 2001 . Hemp for headache: An in-depth historical and scientific review of cannabis in migraine treatment. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 1 ( 2 ) : 21 – 92 .
  • Sanchez , C. , Galve-Roperh , I. , Canova , C. , Brachet , P. and Guzman , M. 1998 . Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. . FEBS Lett , 436 ( 1 ) : 6 – 10 .
  • Showalter , V. M. , Compton , D. R. , Martin , B. R. and Abood , M. E. 1996 . Evaluation of binding in a transfected cell line expressing a peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2): Identification of cannabinoid receptor subtype selective ligands. . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 278 ( 3 ) : 989 – 99 .
  • Sidney , S. , Beck , J. E. , Tekawa , I. S. , Quesenberry , C. P. and Friedman , G. D. 1997 . Marijuana use and mortality. . Am J Public Health , 87 ( 4 ) : 585 – 90 .
  • Straub , W. 1931 . “ Intoxicating drugs. In ” . In Lane Lectures on Pharmacology Edited by: Straub , W. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press. .
  • Tashkin , D. P. , Reiss , S. , Shapiro , B. J. , Calvarese , B. , Olsen , J. L. and Lodge , J. W. 1977 . Bronchial effects of aerosolized delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy and asthmatic subjects. . Am Rev Respir Dis , 115 ( 1 ) : 57 – 65 .
  • Tashkin , D. P. , Simmons , M. S. , Sherrill , D. L. and Coulson , A. H. 1997 . Heavy habitual marijuana smoking does not cause an accelerated decline in FEV1 with age. . Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 155 ( 1 ) : 141 – 8 .
  • Tashkin , D. P. , Baldwin , G. C. , Sarafian , T. , Dubinett , S. and Roth , M. D. 2002 . Respiratory and immunologic consequences of marijuana smoking. . J Clin Pharmacol , 42 ( 11 Suppl ) 71S-81S
  • Tashkin , D. P. 2001 . “ Respiratory risks from marijuana smoking. In ” . In Cannabis and cannabinoids: Pharmacology, toxicology and therapeutic potential Edited by: Grotenhermen , F. and Russo , E. Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press. .
  • Tyler , V. E. 1994 . Herbs of choice: the therapeutic use of phytomedicinals. New York : Pharmaceutical Products Press. .
  • Vaccani , A. , Massi , P. and Parolaro , D. 2003 . “ Inhibition of human glioma cell growth by the non psychoactive cannabidiol ” . In Paper read at First European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research., April 4–5, at Madrid
  • Vaney , C. , Jobin , P. , Tschopp , F. , Heinzel , M. and Schnelle , M. 2002 . “ Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis ” . In Paper read at Symposium on the Cannabinoids, July 13, at Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, CA
  • Viola , H. , Wasowski , C. , Levi de Stein , M. , Wolfman , C. , Silveira , R. , Dajas , F. , Medina , J. H. and Paladini , A. C. 1995 . Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. . Planta Med , 61 ( 3 ) : 213 – 6 .
  • Volicer , L. , Stelly , M. , Morris , J. , McLaughlin , J. and Volicer , B. J. 1997 . Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer's disease. . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , 12 ( 9 ) : 913 – 9 .
  • Wachtel , S. R. , ElSohly , M. A. , Ross , R. A. , Ambre , J. and de Wit , H. 2002 . Comparison of the subjective effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana in humans. . Psychopharmacol , 161 : 331 – 339 .
  • Wallace , M. J. , Martin , B. R. and DeLorenzo , R. J. 2002 . Evidence for a physiological role of endocannabinoids in the modulation of seizure threshold and severity. . Eur J Pharmacol , 452 ( 3 ) : 295 – 301 .
  • Ware , M. A. and Tawfik , V. L. 2001 . “ A review of the respiratory effects of smoked cannabis: Implications for clinical trials ” . In Paper read at Symposium on the Cannabinoids, June 30, at El Escorial, Spain
  • Weil , A. T. , Zinberg , N. E. and Nelsen , J. M. 1968 . Clinical and psychological effects of marihuana in man. . Science , 162 ( 859 ) : 1234 – 42 .
  • West , M. E. 1991 . Cannabis and night vision. . Nature , 351 : 703 – 704 .
  • Whittle , B. A. and Guy , G. W. 2003 . “ Development of cannabis-based medicines; risk, benefit and serendipity. In ” . In Medicinal uses of cannabis and cannabinoids Edited by: Whittle , B. A. , Guy , G. W. and Robson , P. London : Pharmaceutical Press. .
  • Whittle , B. A. , Guy , G. W. and Robson , P. 2001 . Prospects for new cannabis-based prescription medicines. . J Cannabis Therapeutics , 1 ( 3–4 ) : 183 – 205 .
  • Williams , S. J. , Hartley , J. P. and Graham , J. D. 1976 . Bronchodilator effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol administered by aerosol of asthmatic patients. . Thorax , 31 ( 6 ) : 720 – 3 .
  • Williamson , E. M. and Evans , F. J. 2000 . Cannabinoids in clinical practice. . Drugs , 60 ( 6 ) : 1303 – 14 .
  • Wilson , D. M. , Peart , J. , Martin , B. R. , Bridgen , D. T. , Byron , P. R. and Lichtman , A. H. 2002 . Physiochemical and pharmacological characterization of a delta (9)-THC aerosol generated by a metered dose inhaler. . Drug Alcohol Depend , 67 ( 3 ) : 259 – 67 .
  • Wright , T. L. 1862 . Correspondence. . Cincinnati Lancet and Observer , 5 ( 4 ) : 246 – 247 .
  • Zuardi , A. W. , Shirakawa , I. , Finkelfarb , E. and Karniol , I. G. 1982 . Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by delta 9-THC in normal subjects. . Psychopharmacol , 76 ( 3 ) : 245 – 50 .
  • Zuardi , A. W. and Guimaraes , F. S. 1997 . “ Cannabidiol as an anxiolytic and anti-psychotic. In ” . In Cannabis in medical practice: A legal, historical and pharmacological overview of the therapeutic use of marijuana Edited by: Mathre , M. L. Jefferson, NC : McFarland. .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.