Publication Cover
Journal of Neurotherapy
Investigations in Neuromodulation, Neurofeedback and Applied Neuroscience
Volume 10, 2007 - Issue 4
639
Views
107
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
SPECIAL TOPICS

What Is Neurofeedback?

Pages 25-36 | Published online: 07 Sep 2008

REFERENCES

  • Ayers , M. E. 1981 . “ A report on a study of the utilization of electroencephalography for the treatment of cerebral vascular lesion syndromes. Chapter ” . In Electro-myometric biofeedback therapy , Edited by: Taylor , L. , Ayers , M. E. and Tom , C. 244 – 257 . Los Angeles : Biofeedback and Advanced Therapy Institute .
  • Ayers , M. E. 1987 . “ Electroencephalic neurofeedback and closed head injury of 250 individuals. ” . In Head injury frontier , 380 – 392 . National Head Injury Foundation .
  • Ayers , M. E. 1991 . “ A controlled study of EEG neurofeedback training and clinical psychotherapy for right hemispheric closed head injury ” . In Paper presented at the National Head Injury Foundation, Los Angeles
  • Ayers , M. E. 1995a . A controlled study of EEG neurofeedback and physical therapy with pediatric stroke, age seven months to age fifteen, occurring prior to birth. . Biofeedback & Self-Regulation , 20 ( 3 ) : 318
  • Ayers , M. E. 1995b . EEG neurofeedback to bring individuals out of level 2 coma. . Biofeedback & Self-Regulation , 20 ( 3 ) : 304 – 305 .
  • Ayers , M. E. 1999 . “ Assessing and treating open head trauma, coma, and stroke using real-time digital EEG neurofeedback. ” . In Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback , Edited by: Evans , J. R. and Abarbanel , A. 203 – 222 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Ayers , M. E. 2004 . Neurofeedback for cerebral palsy. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 8 ( 2 ) : 93 – 94 .
  • Baehr , E. , Rosenfeld , J. P. and Baehr , R. 2001 . Clinical use of an alpha asymmetry neurofeedback protocol in the treatment of mood disorders: Follow-up study one to five years post therapy. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 4 ( 4 ) : 11 – 18 .
  • Bauer , L. O. 1993 . Meteoric signs of CNS dysfunction associated with alcohol and cocaine withdrawal. . Psychiatry Research , 47 : 69 – 77 .
  • Bauer , L. O. 2001 . Predicting relapse to alcohol and drug abuse via quantitative electroencephalography. . Neuropsychopharmacology , 25 ( 3 ) : 332 – 240 .
  • Bearden , T. S. , Cassisi , J. E. and Pineda , M. 2003 . Neurofeedback training for a patient with thalamic and cortical infarctions. . Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback , 28 ( 3 ) : 241 – 253 .
  • Bounias , M. , Laibow , R. E. , Bonaly , A. and Stubblebine , A. N. 2001 . EEG-neurobiofeedback treatment of patients with brain injury: Part 1: Typological classification of clinical syndromes. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 5 ( 4 ) : 23 – 44 .
  • Bounias , M. , Laibow , R. E. , Stubbelbine , A. N. , Sand-ground , H. and Bonaly , A. 2002 . EEG-neurobio-feedback treatment of patients with brain injury Part 4: Duration of treatments as a function of both the initial load of clinical symptoms and the rate of rehabilitation. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 6 ( 1 ) : 23 – 38 .
  • Burkett , V. S. , Cummins , J. M. , Dickson , R. M. and Skolnick , M. 2005 . An open clinical trial utilizing real-time EEG operant conditioning as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of crack cocaine dependence. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 9 ( 2 ) : 7 – 26 .
  • Byers , A. P. 1995 . Neurofeedback therapy for a mild head injury. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 1 ( 1 ) : 22 – 37 .
  • Budzynski , T. H. 1996 . Brain brightening: Can neurofeedback improve cognitive process? . Biofeedback , 24 ( 2 ) : 14 – 17 .
  • Carmen , J. A. 2004 . Passive infrared hemoencephalography: Four years and 100 migraines. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 8 ( 3 ) : 23 – 51 .
  • Clarke , A. R. , Barry , R. J. , McCarthy , R. and Selikowitz , M. 2001 . EEG-defined subtypes of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. . Clinical Neuro-physiology , 112 : 2098 – 2105 .
  • Cripe , C. 2006 . Effective use of LENS as an adjunct to cognitive neurodevelopmental training. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 10 ( 2/3 ) : 79 – 87 .
  • Donaldson , C. C. S. , Sell , G. E. and Mueller , H. H. 1998 . Fibromyalgia: A retrospective study of 252 consecutive referrals. . Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine , 5 ( 6 ) : 116 – 127 .
  • Drug Effectiveness Review Project . 2005 . Drug class review on pharmacologic treatments for ADHD. , Portland : Oregon Health & Science University . Available online at http://ww.ohsu.edu/drugeffectivensss/reports/documents/adhd%20Final%20Report.pdf
  • Duffy , F. H. 2000 . The state of EEG biofeedback therapy (EEG operant conditioning) in 2000: An editor's opinion. . Clinical Electroencephalography , 31 ( 1 ) : v – viii .
  • El-Zein , R. A. , Abdel-Rahman , S. Z. , Hay , M. J. , Lopez , M. S. , Bondy , M. L. Morris , D. L. 2005 . Cytogenetic effects in children treated with methylphenidate. . Cancer Letters , 230 ( 2 ) : 1 – 8 .
  • Egner , T. and Gruzelier , J. H. 2002 . Ecological validity of neurofeedback: Modulation of slow wave EEG enhances musical performance. . Neuroreport , 14 ( 9 ) : 1121 – 1224 .
  • Fernandez , T. , Harare , W. , Harmony , T. , Diaz-Comas , L. , Santiago , E. Sanchez , L. 2003 . EEG and behavioral changes following neurofeedback treatment in learning disabled children. . Clinical Electro-encephalography , 34 ( 3 ) : 145 – 150 .
  • Freides , D. and Aberbach , L. 2003 . Exploring hemispheric differences in infrared brain emissions. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 8 ( 3 ) : 53 – 61 .
  • Fuchs , T. , Birbaumer , N. , Lutzenberger , W. , Gruzelier , J. H. and Kaiser , J. 2003 . Neurofeedback treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: A comparison with methylphenidate. . Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback , 28 : 1 – 12 .
  • Gosepath , K. , Nafe , B. , Ziegler , E. and Mann , W. J. 2001 . Neurofeedback training as a therapy for tinnitus. . HNO (Hals, Nasen, Ohren-Heilkund) , 49 ( 1 ) : 29 – 35 .
  • Hammond , D. C. 2001 . Treatment of chronic fatigue with neurofeedback and self-hypnosis. . NeuroRehabilitation , 16 : 295 – 300 .
  • Hammond , D. C. 2003 . QEEG-guided neurofeedback in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 7 ( 2 ) : 25 – 52 .
  • Hammond , D. C. 2004 . Treatment of the obsessional subtype of obsessive compulsive disorder with neurofeedback. . Biofeedback , 32 : 9 – 12 .
  • Hammond , D. C. 2005a . Neurofeedback with anxiety and affective disorders. . Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 : 105 – 123 .
  • Hammond , D. C. 2005b . Neurofeedback treatment of depression and anxiety. . Journal of Adult Development , 12 ( 2/3 ) : 131 – 137 .
  • Hammond , D. C. 2005c . Neurofeedback to improve physical balance, incontinence, and swallowing. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 9 ( 1 ) : 27 – 36 .
  • Hammond , D. C. , Stockdale , S. , Hoffman , D. , Ayers , M. E. and Nash , J. 2001 . Adverse reactions and potential iatrogenic effects in neurofeedback training. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 4 ( 4 ) : 57 – 69 .
  • Hammond , D. C. , Walker , J. , Hoffman , D. , Lubar , J. F. , Trudeau , D. Gurnee , R. 2004 . Standards for the use of QEEG in neurofeedback: A position paper of the International Society for Neuronal Regulation. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 8 ( 1 ) : 5 – 26 .
  • Hanslmayer , S. , Sauseng , P. , Doppelmayr , M. , Schabus , M. and Klimesch , W. 2005 . Increasing individual upper alpha by neurofeedback improves cognitive performance in human subjects. . Applied Psycho-physiology & Biofeedback , 30 ( 1 ) : 1 – 10 .
  • Hoffman , D. A. , Lubar , J. F. , Thatcher , R. W. , Sterman , M. B. , Rosenfeld , P. J. Striefel , S. 1999 . Limitations of the American Academy of Neurology and American Clinical Neurophysiology Society paper on QEEG. . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience , 11 ( 3 ) : 401 – 407 .
  • Hoffman , D. A. , Stockdale , S. , Hicks , L. and Schwaninger , J. 1995 . Diagnosis and treatment of closed head injury. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 1 ( 1 ) : 14 – 21 .
  • Hoffman , D. A. , Stockdale , S. and Van Egren , L. 1996a . Symptom changes in the treatment of mild traumatic brain injury using EEG neurofeedback [Abstract]. . Clinical Electroencephalography , 27 ( 3 ) : 164
  • Hoffman , D. A. , Stockdale , S. and Van Egren , L. 1996b . EEG neurofeedback in the treatment of mild traumatic brain injury [Abstract]. . Clinical Electroencephalography , 27 ( 2 ) : 6
  • Hughes , J. R. and John , E. R. 1999 . Conventional and quantitative electroencephalography in psychiatry. . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience , 11 ( 2 ) : 190 – 208 .
  • Jarusiewicz , B. 2002 . Efficacy of neurofeedback for children in the autistic spectrum: A pilot study. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 6 ( 4 ) : 39 – 49 .
  • Keller , I. 2001 . Neurofeedback therapy of attention deficits in patients with traumatic brain injury. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 5 : 19 – 32 .
  • Laibow , R. E. , Stubblebine , A. N. , Sandground , H. and Bounias , M. 2001 . EEG neurobiofeedback treatment of patients with brain injury: Part 2: Changes in EEG parameters versus rehabilitation. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 5 ( 4 ) : 45 – 71 .
  • Larsen , S. 2006 . The healing power of neurofeedback: The revolutionary LENS technique for restoring optimal brain function. , Rochester, VT : Healing Arts Press. .
  • Larsen , R. Larsen , S. 2006 . The LENS neurofeedback with animals. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 10 ( 2/3 ) : 89 – 104 .
  • Larsen , S. , Harrington , K. and Hicks , S. 2006 . The LENS (low energy neurofeedback system): A clinical outcomes study of 100 patients at Stone Mountain Center, New York. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 10 ( 2/3 ) : 69 – 78 .
  • Levesque , J. , Beauregard , M. and Mensour , B. 2006 . Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. . Neuroscience Letters , 394 ( 3 ) : 216 – 221 .
  • Li , J. H. , Hu , H. C. , Chen , W. B. and Lin , S. K. 2003 . Genetic toxicity of methamphetamine in vitro and in human abusers. . Environmental & Lolecular Mutagenesis , 42 : 233 – 242 .
  • Linden , M. , Habib , T. and Radojevic , V. 1996 . A controlled study of the effects of EEG biofeedback on cognition and behavior of children with attention deficit disorder and learning disabilities. . Biofeedback and Self-Regulation , 21 ( 1 ) : 35 – 49 .
  • Lubar , J. F. 1995 . “ Neurofeedback for the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. ” . In Biofeedback: A practitioner's guide , Edited by: Schwartz , M. S. 493 – 522 . New York : Guilford .
  • Lubar , J. F. 2003 . “ Neurofeedback for the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. ” . In Biofeedback: A practitioner's guide, , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Schwartz , M. S. and Andrasik , F. 409 – 437 . New York : Guilford .
  • Lubar , J. F. , Shabsin , H. S. Natelson , S. E. 1981 . EEG operant conditioning in intractible epileptics. . Archives of Neurology , 38 : 700 – 704 .
  • Lubar , J. F. and Shouse , M. N. 1976 . EEG and behavioral changes in a hyperactive child concurrent with training of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR): A preliminary report. . Biofeedback & Self-Regulation , 1 ( 3 ) : 293 – 306 .
  • Lubar , J. F. and Shouse , M. N. 1977 . Use of biofeedback in the treatment of seizure disorders and hyper-activity. . Advances in Clinical Child Psychology , 1 : 204 – 251 .
  • Marchetti , A. , Magar , R. , Lau , H. , Murphy , E. L. , Jensen , P. S. Conners , C. K. 2001 . Pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Expected-cost analysis. . Clinical Therapeutics , 23 ( 11 ) : 1904 – 1921 .
  • Mize , W. 2004 . Hemoencephalography: A new therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Case report. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 8 ( 3 ) : 77 – 97 .
  • Mueller , H. H. , Donaldson , C. C. S. , Nelson , D. V. and Layman , M. 2001 . Treatment of fibromyalgia incorporating EEG-driven stimulation: A clinical outcomes study. . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 57 ( 7 ) : 933 – 952 .
  • Monastra , V. J. , Monastra , D. M. and George , S. 2002 . The effects of stimulant therapy, EEG biofeedback, and parenting style on the primary symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. . Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback , 27 ( 4 ) : 231 – 249 .
  • Moore , N. C. 2000 . A review of EEG biofeedback treatment of anxiety disorders. . Clinical Electroencephalography , 31 ( 1 ) : 1 – 6 .
  • Orlando , P. C. and Rivera , R. O. 2004 . Neurofeedback for elementary students with identified learning problems. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 8 ( 2 ) : 5 – 19 .
  • Othmer , S. , Othmer , S. F. and Kaiser , D. A. 1999 . “ EEG biofeedback: Training for AD/HD and related disruptive behavior disorders. ” . In Understanding, diagnosing, and treating AD/HD in children and adolescents , Edited by: Incorvaia , J. A. , Mark-Goldstein , B. S. and Tessmer , D. 235 – 296 . New York : Jason Aronson .
  • Peniston , E. G. and Kulkosky , P. J. 1989 . Alpha-theta brainwave training and beta-endorphin levels in alcoholics. . Alcohol: Clinical & Experimental Research , 13 ( 2 ) : 271 – 279 .
  • Peniston , E. G. and Kulkosky , P. J. 1991a . Alcoholic personality and alpha-theta brainwave training. . Medical Psychotherapy , 2 : 37 – 55 .
  • Peniston , E. G. and Kulkosky , P. J. 1991b . Alpha-theta brainwave neuro-feedback therapy for Vietnam veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. . Medical Psychotherapy , 4 : 47 – 60 .
  • Prichep , L. , Alper , K. , Kowalik , S. C. and Rosenthal , M. S. 1996 . Neurometric qEEG studies of crack cocaine dependence and treatment outcome. . Journal of Addictive Diseases , 15 ( 4 ) : 39 – 53 .
  • Prichep , L. , Alper , K. R. , Kowalik , S. C. , John , E. R. , Merkin , H. A. , Tom , M. and Rosenthal , M. S. qEEG subtypes in crack cocaine dependence and treatment outcome. Problems of drug dependence, 1995: Proceedings of 57th annual scientific meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc., Research Monograph No. 162 . Edited by: Harris , L. S. pp. 142 Rockville, MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
  • Putnam , J. A. 2001 . EEG biofeedback on a female stroke patient with depression: A case study. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 5 ( 3 ) : 27 – 38 .
  • Rasey , H. W. , Lubar , J. E. , McIntyre , A. , Zoffuto , A. C. and Abbott , P. L. 1996 . EEG biofeedback for the enhancement of attentional processing in normal college students. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 1 ( 3 ) : 15 – 21 .
  • Raymond , J. , Sajid , I. , Parkinson , L. A. and Gruzelier , J. H. 2005 . Biofeedback and dance performance: A preliminary investigation. . Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback , 30 ( 1 ) : 65 – 74 .
  • Rossiter , T. R. 2005 . The effectiveness of neurofeedback and stimulant drugs in treating AD/HD: Part II. Replication. . Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback , 29 ( 4 ) : 233 – 243 .
  • Rossiter , T. R. and La Vaque , T. J. 1995 . A comparison of EEG biofeedback and psychostimulants in treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 1 : 48 – 59 .
  • Rozelle , G. R. and Budzynski , T. H. 1995 . Neurotherapy for stroke rehabilitation: A single case study. . Biofeedback & Self-Regulation , 20 ( 3 ) : 211 – 228 .
  • Schenk , S. , Lamm , K. , Gundel , H. and Ladwig , K. H. 2005 . Effects of neurofeedback-based EEG alpha and EEG beta training in patients with chronically decompensated tinnitus. . HNO (German) , 53 ( 1 ) : 29 – 38 .
  • Schachter , H. M. , Pham , B. , King , J. , Langford , S. and Moher , D. 2001 . How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 165 ( 11 ) : 1475 – 1488 .
  • Schoenberger , N. E. , Shiflett , S. C. , Esty , M. L. , Ochs , L. and Matheis , R. J. 2001 . Flexyx neurotherapy system in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: An initial evaluation. . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 16 ( 3 ) : 260 – 274 .
  • Scolnick , B. 2005 . Effects of electroencephalogram biofeedback with Asperger's syndrome. . International Journal of Rehabilitation Research , 28 ( 2 ) : 159 – 163 .
  • Sherrill , R. 2004 . Effects of hemoencephalography (HEG) training at three prefrontal locations using EEG ratios at Cz. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 8 ( 3 ) : 63 – 76 .
  • Sichel , A. G. , Fehmi , L. G. and Goldstein , D. M. 1995 . Positive outcome with neurofeedback treatment of a case of mild autism. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 1 ( 1 ) : 60 – 64 .
  • Sterman , M. B. 2000 . Basic concepts and clinical findings in the treatment of seizure disorders with EEG operant conditioning. . Clinical Electroencephalography , 31 ( 1 ) : 45 – 55 .
  • Suffin , S. C. and Emory , W. 1995 . Neurometric sub-groups in attentional and affective disorders and their association with pharmacotherapeutic outcome. . Clinical Electroencephalography , 26 ( 2 ) : 76 – 83 .
  • Swensen , A. R. , Birnbaum , H. G. , Secnik , K. , Marynchenko , M. , Greenberg , P. and Claxton , A. 2003 . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Increased costs for patients and their families. . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 42 ( 12 ) : 1415 – 1423 .
  • Tansey , M. A. 1990 . Righting the rhythms of reason: EEG biofeedback training as a therapeutic modality in a clinical office setting. . Medical Psychotherapy , 3 : 57 – 68 .
  • Tansey , M. A. 1991 . Wechsler (WISC-R) changes following treatment of learning disabilities via EEG biofeedback in a private practice setting. . Australian Journal of Psychology , 43 : 147 – 153 .
  • Thatcher , R. W. , Moore , N. , John , E. R. , Duffy , F. , Hughes , J. R. and Krieger , M. 1999 . QEEG and traumatic brain injury: Rebuttal of the American Academy of Neurology 1997 report by the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society. . Clinical Electroencephalography , 30 ( 3 ) : 94 – 98 .
  • Thompson , L. and Thompson , M. 1998 . Neurofeedback combined with training in metacognitive strategies: Effectiveness in students with ADD. . Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback , 23 ( 4 ) : 243 – 263 .
  • Thompson , M. and Thompson , L. 2002 . Biofeedback for movement disorders (dystonia with Parkinson's disease): Theory and preliminary results. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 6 ( 4 ) : 51 – 70 .
  • Thornton , K. 2000 . Improvement/rehabilitation of memory functioning with neurotherapy/QEEG biofeedback. . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 15 ( 6 ) : 1285 – 1296 .
  • Thornton , K. E. and Carmody , D. P. 2005 . Electroencephalogram biofeedback for reading disability and traumatic brain injury. . Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 ( 1 ) : 137 – 162 .
  • Tinius , T. P. and Tinius , K. A. 2001 . Changes after EEG biofeedback and cognitive retraining in adults with mild traumatic brain injury and attention deficit disorder. . Journal of Neurotherapy , 4 ( 2 ) : 27 – 44 .
  • Toomim , H. , Mize , W. , Kwong , P. C. , Toomim , M. , Marsh , R. Kozlowski , G. P. 2004 . Intentional increase of cerebral blood oxygenation using hemoencephalography (HEG). . Journal of Neurotherapy , 8 ( 3 ) : 5 – 21 .
  • Vernon , D. , Egner , T. , Cooper , N. , Compton , T. , Neilands , C. Sheri , A. 2003 . The effect of training distinct neurofeedback protocols on aspects of cognitive performance. . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 47 : 75 – 85 .
  • Walker , J. E. and Kozlowski , G. P. 2005 . Neurofeedback treatment of epilepsy. . Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 ( 1 ) : 163 – 176 .
  • Weiler , E. W. , Brill , K. , Tachiki , K. H. and Schneider , D. 2001 . Neurofeedback and quantitative electroencephalography. . International Journal of Tinnitus , 8 ( 2 ) : 87 – 93 .
  • Wing , K. 2001 . Effect of neurofeedback on motor recovery of a patient with brain injury: A case study and its implications for stroke rehabilitation. . Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation , 8 ( 3 ) : 45 – 53 .
  • Winterer , G. , Kloppel , B. , Heinz , A. , Ziller , M. , Dufeu , P. Schmidt , L. G. 1998 . Quantitative EEG (QEEG) predicts relapse in patients with chronic alcoholism and points to a frontally pronounced cerebral disturbance. . Psychiatry Research , 78 : 101 – 113 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.