1,168
Views
129
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Somatoform Dissociation

Major Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders

Pages 7-32 | Published online: 20 Oct 2008

References

  • American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
  • Atlas , J. A , Wolfson , M. A and Lipschitz , D. S . 1995 . Dissociation and somatization in adolescent inpatients . Psychological Reports , 76 : 1101 – 1102 .
  • Bernstein , E. and Putnam , F. W . 1986 . Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale . Journal of Nervous Mental Disease , 102 : 280 – 286 .
  • Boon , S. and Draijer , N. 1993 . Multiple personality disorder in the Netherlands. A study on reliability and validity of the diagnosis , Amsterdam : Swets & Zeitlinger, 1993 .
  • Bowman , E. S and Kuyk , J. in press . The relationship of conversion and dissociation: Implications for DSM-IV and ICD-10 . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation ,
  • Briquet , P. 1859 . Traité Clinique et Thérapeutique de L'hystérie (2 vols.) [Clinical and Therapeutic Treatise of Hysteria] , Paris : J.-P. Baillière & Fils .
  • Cardeña , E. 1994 . “ The domain of dissociation ” . In Dissociation: Clinical and theoretical perspectives , Edited by: Lynn , S. J. and Rhue , J. W. 15 – 31 . New York : Guil-ford .
  • Cardeña , E. , Holen , A. , McFarlane , A. , Solomon , Z. , Wilkinson , C. and Spiegel , D. 1998 . A multisite study of acute stress reaction to a disaster. In Sourcebook for the DSM-IV, Vol. IV , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
  • Cardeña , E. and Spiegel , D. 1993 . Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay area earthquake of 1989 . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 474 – 478 .
  • Coons , P. M . 1994 . Confirmation of childhood abuse in child and adolescent cases of multiple personality disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 182 : 461 – 464 .
  • Darves-Bornoz , J.-M.-M. 1997 . Rape-related psychotraumatic syndromes . European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology , 71 : 59 – 65 .
  • Dell , P. F . Somatoform dissociation in DID, DDNOS, chronic pain, and eating disorders in a North American sample . Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation . November 8–11 . pp. 130
  • Dell , P. F . Somatoform dissociation and reported trauma in DID and DDNOS . Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation . November 8–11 . pp. 130
  • Derogatis , L. R . 1977 . SCL-90: Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual-I for the R(evised) Version and Other Instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scale Series , Baltimore : Clinical Psychometric Research Unit, John Hopkins University School of Medicine .
  • Draijer , N. and Boon , S. 1999 . The imitation of dissociative identity disorder: Patients at risk; therapists at risk . Journal of Psychiatry & Law , 27 : 423 – 458 .
  • Friedl , M. C and Draijer , N. 2000 . Dissociative disorders in Dutch psychiatric inpatients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 1012 – 1013 .
  • Gleaves , D. H . 1996 . The sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder: A reexamination of the evidence . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 42 – 59 .
  • Halligan , P. W , Athwal , B. S , Oakley , D. A and Frackowiak , R. S . 2000 . Imaging hypnotic paralysis: Implications for conversion hysteria [letter] . Lancet , 355 : 986 – 987 .
  • Horen , S. A , Leichner , P. P and Lawson , J. S . 1995 . Prevalence of dissociative symptoms and disorders in an adult psychiatric inpatient population in Canada . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 40 : 185 – 191 .
  • Hornstein , N. L and Putnam , F. W . 1992 . Clinical phenomenology of child and adolescent disorders . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 : 1077 – 1085 .
  • Janet , P. 1889 . L'Automatisme Psychologique , Paris : Félix Alcan . Reprint: Société Pierre Janet, Paris, 1973
  • Janet , P. 1893 . L'Etat Mental des Hystériques: Les Stigmates Mentaux [The Mental State of Hystericals: The Mental Stigmata] , Paris : Rueff & Cie .
  • Janet , P. 1901 . The Mental State of Hystericals , New York : Putnam & Sons . Reprint: University Publications of America, Washington, DC, 1977
  • Janet , P. 1907 . Major symptoms of hysteria , London : Macmillan . Reprint: Hafner, New York, 1965
  • Janet , P. 1911 . L'Etat Mental des Hystériques , Paris : Félix Alcan . Second extended edition. Reprint: Lafitte Reprints, Marseille, 1983
  • Janet , P. 1929 . L'Evolution Psychologique de la Personnalité , Paris : Chahine . Reprint: Société Pierre Janet, Paris, 1984
  • Kellner , R. 1995 . Psychosomatic syndromes, somatization, and somatoform disorders . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 61 : 4 – 24 .
  • Kihlstrom , J. F . 1994 . “ One hundred years of hysteria ” . In Dissociation: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives , Edited by: Lynn , S. J. and Rhue , J. W. 365 – 395 . New York : Guilford .
  • Kluft , R. P . 1995 . The confirmation and disconfirmation of memories of abuse in DID patients: A naturalistic clinical study . Dissociation , 8 : 251 – 258 .
  • Kuyk , J. , Spinhoven , P. , Van Emde Boas , M. D and Van Dyck , R. 1999 . Dissociation in temporal lobe epilepsy and pseudo-epileptic seizure patients . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 187 : 713 – 720 .
  • Labatte , L. A , Cardeña , E. , Dimitreva , J. , Roy , M. J and Engel , C. 1998 . Psychiatric syndromes in Persian Gulf War veterans: An association of handling dead bodies with somatoform disorders . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 67 : 275 – 279 .
  • Laria , A. J and Lewis-Fernández , R. in press . The professional fragmentation of experience in the study of dissociation, somatization, and culture . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation ,
  • Lewis , D. O , Yeager , C. A , Swica , Y. , Pincus , J. H and Lewis , M. 1997 . Objective documentation of child abuse and dissociation in 12 murderers with dissociative identity disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 1703 – 1710 .
  • Merskey , H. 1992 . The manufacture of personalities: The production of multiple personality disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 327 – 340 .
  • Merskey , H. 1997 . Tests of “dissociation” and mood disorder (letter) . British Journal of Psychiatry , 171 : 487
  • Myers , C. S . 1940 . Shell shock in France 1914–18 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Nash , M. R , Hulsey , T. L , Sexton , M. C , Harralson , T. L and Lambert , W. 1993 . Long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: Perceived family environment, psychopathology, and dissociation . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 : 276 – 283 .
  • Nemiah , J. C . 1991 . “ Dissociation, conversion, and somatization ” . In American Psychiatric Press Annual Review of Psychiatry (Vol. 10) , Edited by: Tasman , A. and Goldfinger , S. M. 248 – 260 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS . 1999 . Somatoform Dissociation: Phenomena, Measurement, and Theoretical Issues , Assen, , the Netherlands : Van Gorcum .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Quak , J. , Reinders , S. , Korf , J. H. and Marinkelle , A. B . Identity-Dependent Processing of Traumatic Memories in Dissociative Identity Disorder: Converging Regional Blood Flow, Physiological and Psychological Evidence . Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Traumatic Stress: Psychotraumatology, Clinical Practice, and Human Rights . June 5–8 , Istanbul, Turkey. pp. 23
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Spinhoven , P. , Van Dyck , R. , Van der Hart , O. , De Graaf , A. MJ and Knoppert , E. AM . 1997 . Dissociative pathology discriminates between bipolar mood disorder and dissociative disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 170 : 581
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Spinhoven , P. , Van Dyck , R. , Van der Hart , O. and Vanderlinden , J. 1996 . The development and the psychometric characteristics of the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20) . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 184 : 688 – 694 .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Spinhoven , P. , Van Dyck , R. , Van der Hart , O. and Vanderlinden , J. 1997 . The development of the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-5) as a screening instrument for dissociative disorders . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinav-ica , 96 : 311 – 318 .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Spinhoven , P. , Vanderlinden , J. , Van Dyck , R. and Van der Hart , O. 1998 . Somatoform dissociative symptoms as related to animal defensive reactions to predatory threat and injury . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 107 : 63 – 73 .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Spinhoven , P. , Van Dyck , R. , Van der Hart , O. and Vanderlinden , J. 1998a . Psychometric characteristics of the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire: A replication study . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 67 : 17 – 23 .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Spinhoven , P. , Van Dyck , R. , Van der Hart , O. and Vanderlinden , J. 1998b . Degree of somatoform and psychological dissociation in dissociative disorders is correlated with reported trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 11 : 711 – 730 .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS and Van der Hart , O. 1999 . “ Somatoform dissociative phenomena: A Janetian perspective ” . In Splintered Reflections: Images of the Body in Trauma , Edited by: Goodwin , J. M. and Attias , R. 89 – 127 . New York : Basic Books .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Van der Hart , O. and Kruger , K. The psychometric characteristics of the Traumatic Experiences Checklist (TEC) (submitted)
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Van der Hart , O. and Steele , K. “ Strukturale Dissoziation der Persoenlichkeit: Ueber ihre traumatischen Wurzeln und die phobischen Mechanismen, die sie in Gang halten. [Structural dissociation of the personality: Traumatic origins, phobic maintenance.] ” . In Behandlung dissoziativer Störungen. [The treatment of dissociative disorders.] , Edited by: Hofmann , A. , Reddemann , L. and Gast , U. Stuttgart : Thieme Verlag . in press
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Vanderlinden , J. and Spinhoven , P. 1998 . Animal defensive reactions as a model for trauma-induced dissociative reactions . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 11 : 243 – 260 .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Van Dyck , R. , Spinhoven , P. , Van der Hart , O. , Chatrou , M. , Vanderlinden , J. and Moene , F. 1999 . Somatoform dissociation discriminates among diagnostic categories over and above general psychopathology . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 33 : 512 – 520 .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Van Dyck , R. , Ter Kuile , M. , Mourits , M. , Spinhoven , P. and Van der Hart , O. 1999 . “ Evidence for associations between somatoform dissociation, psychological dissociation, and reported trauma in chronic pelvic pain patients ” . In Somatoform Dissociation: Phenomena, Measurement, and Theoretical Issues , Edited by: Nijenhuis , E. R.S. 146 – 160 . Assen, , the Netherlands : Van Gorcum .
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Van Dyck , R. , Van der Hart , O. and Spinhoven , P. 1998 . Somato-form dissociation is unlikely to be a result of indoctrination by therapists (letter) . British Journal of Psychiatry , 172 : 452
  • Nijenhuis , E. RS , Van Engen , A. , Kusters , I. and Van der Hart , O. in press . Peritrau-matic somatoform and psychological dissociation in relation to recall of childhood sexual abuse . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation ,
  • Norton , G. R , Ross , C. A and Novotny , M. F . 1990 . Factors that predict scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale . Journal of Clinical Scale , 46 : 273 – 277 .
  • Othmer , E. and DeSouza , C. 1985 . A screening test for somatization disorder (hysteria) . American Journal of Psychiatry , 142 : 1146 – 1149 .
  • Pitman , R. K , Van der Kolk , B. A , Orr , S. P and Greenberg , M. S . 1990 . Naloxone reversible stress induced analgesia in post traumatic stress disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 47 : 541 – 547 .
  • Pribor , E. F , Yutzy , S. H , Dean , J. T and Wetzel , R. D . 1993 . Briquet's syndrome, dissociation and abuse . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 1507 – 1511 .
  • Rey , J. M , Morris-Yates , A. and Stanislaw , H. 1992 . Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic tests using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research , 2 : 39 – 50 .
  • Ross , C. A , Heber , S. , Norton , G. R and Anderson , G. 1989 . Somatic symptoms in multiple personality disorder . Psychosomatics , 30 : 154 – 160 .
  • Sar , V. , Kundakci , T. , Kiziltan , E. , Bahadir , B. and Aydiner , O. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20) . Proceeding of the International Society of Dissociation 15th International Fall Conference . November 14–17 , Seattle.
  • Sar , V. , Kundakci , T. , Kiziltan , E. , Yargic , I. L , Tutkun , H. , Bakim , B. , Aydiner , O. , Özpulat , T. , Keser , V. and Özdemir , Ö. Frequency of dissociative disorders among psychiatric outpatients with borderline personality disorder . Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Traumatic Stress: Psychotraumatology, Clinical Practice, and Human Rights . June 5–8 , Istanbul, Turkey. pp. 115
  • Sar , V. , Kundakci , T. , Kiziltan , E. , Bakim , B. and Bozkurt , O. 2000 . Differentiating dissociative disorders from other diagnostic groups through somatoform dissociation in Turkey . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 1 ( 4 ) : 67 – 80 .
  • Saxe , G. N , Chinman , G. , Berkowitz , M. D , Hall , K. , Lieberg , G. , Schwartz , J. and Van der Kolk , B. A . 1994 . Somatization in patients with dissociative disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1329 – 1334 .
  • Saxe , G. N , Van der Kolk , B. A , Berkowitz , R. , Chinman , G. , Hall , K. and Lieberg , G. 1993 . Dissociative disorders in psychiatric inpatients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 1037 – 1042 .
  • Spitzer , C. , Spelsberg , B. , Grabe , H.-J. , Mundt , B. and Freiberger , H. 1999 . Dissociative experiences and psychopathology in conversion disorders . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 46 : 291 – 294 .
  • Steinberg , M. 1994 . Interviewer's guide to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders, , Revised ed , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Tillman , J. G , Nash , M. R and Lerner , P. M . 1994 . “ Does trauma cause dissociative pathology? ” . In Dissociation: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives , Edited by: Lynn , S. J. and Rhue , J. W. 395 – 415 . New York : Guilford .
  • Va n der Hart , O. Dissociation: Toward a resolution of 150 years of confusion . Keynote address International Society for the Study of Dissociation 17th International Fall Conference . November 12–14 , San Antonio, Texas.
  • Van der Hart , O. and Friedman , B. 1989 . A reader's guide to Pierre Janet on dissociation: A neglected intellectual heritage . Dissociation , 2 : 3 – 16 .
  • Van der Hart , O. and Op den Velde , W. 1995 . “ Traumatische herinneringen. [Traumatic memories.] ” . In Trauma, dissociatie en hypnose, , 3rd edition , Edited by: van der Hart , O. 79 – 101 . Lisse, , the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger . [Trauma, dissociation and hypnosis]
  • Van der Hart , O. , Van der Kolk , B. A and Boon , S. 1998 . “ Treatment of dissociative disorders ” . In Trauma, memory, and dissociation , Edited by: Bremner , J. D. and Marmar , C. R. 253 – 283 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Van der Hart , O. , Van Dijke , A. , Van Son , M. JM and Steele , K. 2000 . Somatoform dissociation in traumatized World War I combat soldiers: A neglected clinical heritage . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 1 ( 4 ) : 33 – 66 .
  • Van der Hart , O. , Witztum , E. and Friedman , B. 1993 . From hysterical psychosis to reactive dissociative psychosis . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 6 : 43 – 64 .
  • Van der Kolk , B. A. and Fisler , R. 1995 . Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 : 505 – 525 .
  • Van der Kolk , B. A , Greenberg , M. S , Orr , S. P and Pitman , R. K . 1989 . Endogenous opioids, stress induced analgesia, and posttraumatic stress disorder . Psychophar-macology Bulletin , 25 : 417 – 422 .
  • Van der Kolk , B. A , Pelcovitz , D. , Roth , S. , Mandel , F. C , McFarlane , A. C and Herman , J. L . 1996 . Dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation: The complexity of adaptation to trauma . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 83 – 93 . (Festschrift Supplement)
  • Vanderlinden , J. 1993 . Dissociative experiences, trauma, and hypnosis: Research findings and clinical applications in eating disorders , Delft : Eburon .
  • Van Honk , J. , Nijenhuis , E. RS , Hermans , E. , Jongen , A. and Van der Hart , O. State-dependent emotional responses to masked threatening stimuli in dissociative identity disorder . Proceedings of the 16th International Fall Conference of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation . November 11–13 , Miami.
  • Van Ommeren , M. , Sharma , B. , Sharma , G. K. , de Jong , J. T. V.M. , Komproe , I. and Cardeña , E. “ The relationship between somatic and PTSD symptoms among Bhutanese refugee torture survivors ” . In The impact of war trauma on civilian populations: An international perspective , Edited by: McIntyre , T. M. and Krippner , S. Greenwood Press/Praeger . in press
  • Walker , E. A , Katon , W. J , Neraas , K. , Jemelka , R. P and Massoth , D. 1992 . Dissociation in women with chronic pelvic pain . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 534 – 537 .
  • Walker , E. A , Katon , W. J , Hansom , J. , Harrpo-Griffith , J. , Holm , L. , Jones , M. L , Hickok , L. R and Russo , J. 1995 . Psychiatric diagnoses and sexual victimization in women with chronic pelvic pain . Psychosomatics , 36 : 531 – 540 .
  • Waller , G. , Hamilton , K. , Elliott , P. , Lewendon , J. , Waters , L. , Stopa , A. , Kennedy , F. , Chalkley , J. F. , Lee , G. , Pearson , D. , Kennerley , H. , Hargreaves , I. and Bashford , V. 2000 . Somatoform dissociation, psychological dissociation and specific forms of trauma . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 1 ( 4 ) : 81 – 98 .
  • Walling , E. A , Reiter , R. C , O'Hara , M. W , Milburn , A. K , Lilly , G. and Vincent , S. D . 1994 . Abuse history and chronic pain in women. I. Prevelences of sexual and physical abuse . Obstetrics & Gynecology , 84 : 193 – 199 .
  • World Health Organization . 1992 . The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders. Clinical description and diagnostic guidelines , Geneva : Author .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.