A Snapshot of Terror: Acute Posttraumatic Responses to the September 11 Attack

REFERENCES

• Blanchard-Fields , F. and Irion , J. C. 1988 . Coping strategies from the perspective of two developmental markers: Age and social reasoning . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 149 : 141 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin , C. , Andrews , B. and Valentine , J. D. 2000 . Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 : 748 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caballo , V. E. and Cardeña , E. 1997 . Sex differences in the perception of stressful life events: Some implications for the Axis IV of DSM-IV . Journal of Personality and Individual Differences , 23 : 353 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• Cardeña , E. , Butler , L. D. and Spiegel , D. 2003 . “ Disorders of extreme stress. ” . In Comprehensive handbook of psychology Edited by: Widiger , T. A. 229 – 249 . New York, NY : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cardeña , E. , Koopman , C. , Classen , C. , Waelde , L. and Spiegel , D. 2000 . Psychometric properties of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): A valid and reliable measure of acute stress reactions . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 13 : 719 – 734 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardeña , E. , Lewis-Fernández , R. , Beahr , D. , Pakianathan , I. and Spiegel , D. 1996 . “ Dissociative disorders. ” . In Sourcebook for the DSM-IV. Vol. II. Edited by: Widiger , T. A. , Frances , A. J. , Pincus , H. J. , Ross , R. , First , M. B. and Davis , W. W. 973 – 1005 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cardeña , E. , Maldonado , J. , Van der Hart , O. and Spiegel , D. 2000 . “ Hypnosis. ” . In Effective treatments for PTSD Edited by: Foa , E. , Keane , T. and Friedman , M. 407 – 440 . New York, NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. 1997 . You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: Consider the Brief COPE . International Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 4 : 92 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. , Scheier , M. F. and Weintraub , J. K. 1989 . Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 267 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , P. , Rehling , G. and Shiwach , R. 1993 . Peripheral victims of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 66 : 193 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton , C. S. , Ursano , R. J. , Epstein , R. S. , Crowley , B. , Vance , K. , Kao , T. C. , Dougall , A and Baum , A. 2001 . Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 1486 – 1491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea , S. , Ahern , J. , Resnick , H. , Kilpatrick , D. , Bucuvalas , M. , Gold , J. and Vlahov , D. 2002 . Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City . New England Journal of Medicine , 346 : 982 – 987 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea , S. , Resnick , H. and Vlahov , D. 2002 . Psychological sequelae of September 11 . New England Journal of Medicine , 347 : 444 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , M. S. 1989 . Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psycho-pathology: A review . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 2 : 489 – 514 .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , A. G. and Bryant , R. A. 1998 . Relationship of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents . Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology , 66 : 507 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge , C. W. and Pavlin , J. A. 2002 . Psychological sequelae of September 11 . New England Journal of Medicine , 347 : 443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keppel , G. and Zedeck , S. 1989 . Data analysis for research designs. New York, NY : Freeman. .
   Google Scholar
• Koopman , C. , Classen , C. and Spiegel , D. 1994 . Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif., firestorm . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 888 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopman , C. , Gore-Felton , C. , Azimi , N. , O'Shea , K. , Ashton , E. , Power , R. , De Maria , S. , Israelski , D. and Spiegel , D. 2002 . Acute stress reactions to life events among women and men living with HIV/AIDS . International Journal of Psychiatry and Medicine , 32 : 361 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowledge Networks . 2003 . “ May). ” . In alidity of the survey of health and Internet and Knowledge Network's panel and sampling. Retrieved December 9, 2003, from http://www.herc.research.med.va.gov/SHI%20appendix.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Marmar , C. R. , Weiss , D. S. , Metzler , T. J. and Delucchi , K. 1996 . Characteristics of emergency services personnel related to peritraumatic dissociation during critical incident exposure . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 94 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNaughton-Cassill , M. E. and Smith , T. My world is OK, but yours is not: Television news, the optimism gap, and stress. . Stress and Health , 18 27 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Mellman , T. A. , David , D. , Bustamante , V. , Fins , A. I. and Esposito , K. 2001 . Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder following severe injury . Depression & Anxiety , 14 : 226 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North , C. and Pfefferbaum , B. 2002 . Research on the mental health effects of terrorism . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 633 – 636 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozer , E. , Best , S. and Lipsey , T. 2003 . Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder-symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 52 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. 1997 . Opening up. New York, NY : Guilford. .
   Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , Nixon , S. J. , Tivis , R. D. , Doughty , D. E. , Pynoos , R. S. , Gurwitch , R. H. and Foy , D. W. 2001 . Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident . Psychiatry , 64 : 202 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlenger , W. E. , Caddell , J. M. , Ebert , L. , Jordan , B. K. , Rourke , K. M. , Wilson , D. , Thalji , L. , Dennis , J. M. , Fairbank , J. A. and Kulka , R. A. 2002 . Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks. Findings from the national study of Americans' reactions to September 11 . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 581 – 588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster , M. A. , Stein , B. D. , Jaycox , L. H. , Collins , R. L. , Marshall , G. N. , Elliot , M. N. , Zhou , A. J. , Kanouse , D. E. , Morrison. , J. L. and Berry , S. H. 2001 . A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks . New England Journal of Medicine , 345 : 1507 – 1512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver , R. C. , Holman , A. , McIntosh , D. N. , Pouli , M. and Gil-Rivas , V. 2002 . Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11 . Journal of American Medical Association , 228 : 1235 – 1244 .
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel , D. 2002 . “ Acute stress symptoms and coping after the terrorist attacks: Internet survey results ” . In Paper presented at the American Psychological Annual Convention, Chicago, IL
   Google Scholar
• Vanderlinden , J , Van der Hart , O. and Varga , K. 1996 . “ European studies of Dissociation. ” . In Handbook of dissociation: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical perspectives Edited by: Michelson , L. and Ray , W. J. 25 – 49 . New York, NY : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zatzick , D. F. , Marmar , C. R. , Weiss , D. S. and Metzler , T. 1994 . Does trauma-linked dissociation vary across ethnic groups . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 182 : 576 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar