Parental Style as a Possible Mediator of the Relationship Between Religiosity and Substance Use in African-American Adolescents

References

• Abdelrahman , A. , Rodriguez , G. , Ryan , J. , French , J. and Weinbaum , D. 1998 . The Epidemiology of Substance Use Among Middle School Students: The Impact of School, Familial, Community and Individual Risk Factors . Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Use , 8 ( 1 ) : 55 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht , S. , Amey , C. and Miller , M. 1996 . Patterns of Substance Abuse Among Rural Black Adolescents . Journal of Drug Issues , 26 ( 4 ) : 751 – 782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman , J. , Wallace , J. , O'Malley , P. , Johnston , L. , Kurth , L. and Neighbors , H. 1991 . Racial/Ethnic Differences in Smoking, Drinking, and Illicit Drug Use Among American High School Seniors 1976–1989 . American Journal of Public Health , 81 : 372 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , K. and Kenny , D. 1986 . The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 ( 6 ) : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogenschneider , K. , Wu , M. , Raffaelli , M. and Tsay , J. 1998 . Parent Influences on Adolescent Peer Orientation and Substance Use: The Interference of Parenting Practices and Values . Child Development , 69 ( 6 ) Dec : 1672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvin , E. , Botvin , G. , Renick , N. , Filazzola , A. and Allegrante , J. 1984 . Adolescent's Self-Reports of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use: Examining the Comparability of Video Tape, Cartoon, and Verbal Bogus-Pipeline Procedures . Psychological Reports , 55 : 379 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvin , G. , Malgady , R. , Griffin , K. , Scheier , L. and Epstein , J. 1998 . Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among Rural Youth: Interaction of Social and Interpersonal Influences . Addictive Behaviors , 23 ( 3 ) : 379 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , J. , Whiteman , M. , Balka , E. , Win , P. and Gursen , M. 1998 . Similar and Different Precursors to Drug Use and Delinquency Among African-Americans and Puerto Ri-cans . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 159 ( 1 ) : 13 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , J. , Whiteman , M. , Balka , E. and Cohen , P. 1997 . Drug Use and Delinquency: Shared and Unshared Risk Factors in African-American and Puerto Rican Adolescents . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 158 ( 1 ) : 25 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantine , M. , Lewis , E. , Conner , L. and Sanchez , D. 2000 . Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling African Americans: Implications for Counselor Training and Practice . Counseling & Values , 45 ( 1 ) : 28 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Dawkins , M. 1988 . Social Correlates of Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Youthful Blacks in an Urban Setting . Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education , 32 ( 1 ) : 15 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , T. and Tildesley , E. 1995 . The Consistency of Family and Peer Influences on the Development of Substance Use in Adolescence . Addiction Dec. , 1995 ( 12 ) : 1647 – 1651 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunndawes , A. 1999 . Spirituality-Focused Genograms: Keys to Uncovering Spiritual Resources in African-American Families . Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development , 27 ( 4 ) : 240 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , J. , Botvin , G. , Baker , E. and Diaz , T. 1999 . Impact of Social Influences and Problem Behavior on Alcohol Use Among Inner-City Hispanic and Black Adolescents . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 60 ( 5 ) : 595 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabricatore , A. , Handal , P. and Fenzel , M. 2000 . Personal Spirituality as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Stressors and Subjective Well-Being . Journal of Psychology & Theology , 28 ( 3 ) : 221 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigelman , S. , Li , X. and Stanton , B. 1995 . Perceived Risks and Benefits of Alcohol, Cigarette, and Drug Use Among Urban Low-Income African-American Early Adolescents . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine , 72 : 57 – 75 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frame , M. and Williams , C. 1996 . Counseling African Americans: Integrating Spirituality in Therapy . Counseling & Values , 41 ( 1 ) : 16 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallup , G. and Castelli , J. 1991 . Religious Activity of Blacks Is Up . Kansas City Star , : E-11
   Google Scholar
• Gray-Ray , P. and Ray , M. 1990 . Juvenile Delinquency in the Black Community . Youth and Society , 22 : 67 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie , B. and Low , L. 2000 . A Substance Use Prevention Framework: Considering the Social Context for African American Girls . Public Health Nursing , 17 ( 5 ) : 363 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haight , W. 1998 . “Gathering the Spirit” at the First Baptist Church: Spirituality as a Protective Factor in the Lives of African American Children . Social Work , 43 ( 3 ) : 213 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , F. 1988 . Alcohol and Black Youth: An Overview . Journal of Drug Issues , 18 ( 1 ) : 7 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , B. , DeLi , S. , Larson , D. and McCullough , M. 2000 . A Systematic Review of the Religiosity and Delinquency Literature . Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , 16 ( 1 ) : 32 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , B. , Jang , S. , DeLi , S. and Larson , D. 2000 . The Invisible Institution and Black Youth Crime: The Church as an Agency of Local Social Control . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 29 ( 4 ) : 479 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , V. and Pandina , R. 1991 . Effects of the Family Environment on Adolescent Substance Use, Delinquency, and Coping Styles . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse March 1991 , 17 ( 1 ) : 71 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. , Bachman , J. and O'Malley , P. 1998 . “ Drug Use by American Young People Begins to Turn Downward ” . In Press Release from the Monitoring the Future Study , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. , O'Malley , P. and Bachman , J. 1999 . National Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975–1998: Volume 1, Secondary School Students , National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH Publication No. 99–4660 Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Lamborn , S. , Mounts , N. , Steinberg , L. and Dornbusch , S. 1991 . Patterns of Competence and Adjustment Among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Families . Child Development , 62 : 1049 – 1065 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langinrichsen , J. , Lichtenstein , E. , Seely , J. , Hops , H. , Ary , D. , Tildesly , E. and Andrews , J. 1990 . Parent-Adolescence Congruence for Adolescent Substance Use . Journal of Youth and Adolescence Dec. , 19 ( 6 ) : 623 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbu , J. 1985 . “ A Cultural Ecology of Competence Among Inner-City Blacks ” . In Beginnings: The Social and Affective Development of Black Children , Edited by: Spencer , M. , Brookins , G. and Allen , W. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• O'Malley , P. , Bachman , J. and Johnston , L. 1983 . Reliability and Consistency in Self-Reports of Drug Use . International Journal of the Addictions , 18 : 805 – 824 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem , D. , Zimmerman , M. and Notaro , P. 1998 . Effects of Family Structure, Family Process, and Father Involvement on Psychosocial Outcomes Among African-American Adolescents . Family Relations , 47 ( 4 ) : 331 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart , L. and Chibucos , T. 1990 . Adolescent Substance Use and Perceived Family Functioning . Journal of Family Issues Jun. , 11 ( 2 ) : 208 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson , A. and Henry , C. 1996 . Family Characteristics and Adolescent Substance Use . Adolescence Spring , 31 ( 121 ) : 59 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , C. 2001 . Family Factors of Low-Income African-American Youth Associated with Substance Use: An Exploratory Analysis . Journal of Ethnicity and Substance Abuse , 1 ( 1 ) : 97 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 1997 . National Household Survey on Drug Abuse Main Findings 1996 , Rockville, MD : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , R. , Chatters , L. , Jaykody , R. and Levin , J. 1996 . Black and White Differences in Religious Participation: A Multisample Comparison . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 35 ( 4 ) : 403 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , R. and Mattis , J. 1999 . Subjective Religiosity Among African Americans: A Synthesis of Findings From Five National Samples . Journal of Black Psychology , 25 ( 4 ) : 524 – 564 .
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , J. and Bachman , J. 1991 . Explaining Racial/Ethnic Differences in Adoloescent Drug Use: Impact of Background and Lifestyle . Social Problems , 38 : 333 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , J. , Bachman , J. , O'Malley , P. and Johnston , L. 1995 . “ Racial/Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Drug Use: Exploring Possible Explanations ” . In Drug Abuse Prevention with Multiethnic Youth , Edited by: Botvin , G. , Schinke , S. and Orlandi , M. 59 – 80 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , J. , Forman , T. , Guthrie , B. , Bachman , J. , O'Malley , P. and Johnston , L. 1999 . The Epidemiology of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use Among Black Youth . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 60 ( 6 ) : 800 – 822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , H. , Vaughn , R. and Cohall , A. 1993 . Comparison of Three Theoretical Models of Substance Use Among Urban Minority High School Students . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 32 : 975 – 981 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welte , J. and Barnes , G. 1987 . Alcohol Use Among Adolescent Minority Groups . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 48 : 329 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M. and Maton , K. 1992 . Life-Style and Substance Use Among Male African-American Urban Adolescents: A Cluster Analytic Approach . American Journal of Community Psychology , 20 ( 1 ) : 121 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M. , Salem , D. and Maton , K. 1995 . Family Structure and Psychosocial Correlates Among Urban African-American Adolescent Males . Child Development , 66 : 1598 – 1613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar