344
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine, and Caffeine

A Primer for School Psychologists

, , , &
Pages 127-146 | Published online: 11 Oct 2008

References

  • Abrams , L. , Flood , J. and Phelps , L. 2006 . Psychopharmacology in the schools . Psychology in the Schools , 43 : 493 – 501 .
  • Adler , L. A. , Spencer , T. J. , Milton , D. R. , Moore , R. J. and Michelson , D. 2005 . Long-term, open-label study of the safety and efficacy of atomoxetinein adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An interim analysis . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 66 : 294 – 299 .
  • American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . 1997 . Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 85S – 121S .
  • American Academy of Pediatrics . 2000 . Clinical practice guideline: Diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Pediatrics , 105 : 1158 – 1170 .
  • Barkley , R. A. , DuPaul , G. J. and Costello , A. 1993 . “ Stimulants ” . In Practitioner's guide to psychoactive drugs for children and adolescents , Edited by: Werry , J. S. and Aman , M. G. 205 – 237 . New York : Plenum Medical .
  • Barone , J. J. and Roberts , H. R. 1996 . Caffeine consumption . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 34 : 119 – 129 .
  • Barton , J. 2005 . Atomoxetine: A new pharmacotherapeutic approach in the management of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 90 : 26 – 29 .
  • Benowitz , N. L. 1990 . Clinical pharmacology of caffeine . Annual Review of Medicine , 41 : 277 – 288 .
  • Berstein , G. A. , Carroll , M. E. , Crosby , R. D. , Perwien , A. R. , Go , F. S. and Benowitz , N. L. 1994 . Caffeine effects on learning, performance, and anxiety in normal school-aged children . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 33 : 407 – 415 .
  • Bradley , C. 1937 . The behavior of children receiving benzedrine . American Journal of Psychiatry , 94 : 577 – 585 .
  • Brown , R. T. 2005 . Recent advances in pharmacotherapies for the externalizing disorders . School Psychology Quarterly , 20 : 118 – 134 .
  • Brown , R. T. , Lee , D. and Donegan , J. E. 1999 . “ Psychopharmacotherapy with school-aged children ” . In The handbook of school psychology , 3rd edn , Edited by: Reynolds , C. R. and Gutkin , T. B. 822 – 862 . New York : John Wiley & Sons Inc .
  • Bussing , R. , Zima , B. T. , Gary , F. A. and Garvan , C. W. 2002 . Use of complementary and alternative medicine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Psychiatric Services , 53 : 1096 – 1102 .
  • Carlson , J. S. 2001 . Empirical support for training in school psychopharmacology . Trainer's Forum: Periodical of the Trainers of School Psychologists , 20 : 6 – 11 .
  • Carlson , J. S. , Demaray , M. K. and Hunter-Oehmke , S. 2006 . A survey of school psychologists' knowledge and training in child psychopharmacology . Psychology in the Schools , 43 : 623 – 633 .
  • Carlson , J. S. , Thaler , C. L. and Hirsch , A. J. 2005 . Psychotropic medication consultation in schools: An ethical and legal dilemma for school psychologists . Journal of Applied School Psychology , 22 : 29 – 41 .
  • Charach , A. , Ickowicz , A. and Schachar , R. 2004 . Stimulant treatment over five years: Adherence, effectiveness, and adverse effects . Journal of the American Academy of child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 : 559 – 567 .
  • Chronis , A. M. , Jones , H. A. and Raggi , V. L. 2006 . Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Clinical Psychology Review , 26 : 486 – 502 .
  • Connor , D. F. 2002 . Preschool attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review of prevalence, diagnosis, neurobiology, and stimulant treatment . Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 23 : S1 – S9 .
  • Dalby , J. T. 1985 . Will population decreasesin caffeine consumption unveil attention deficit disorders in adults? . Medical Hypotheses , 18 : 163 – 167 .
  • dos Reis , S. , Zito , J. M. , Safer , D. J. , Soeken , K. L. , Mitchell , J. W. and Ellwood , L. C. 2003 . Parental perceptions and satisfaction with stimulant medication for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 24 : 155 – 162 .
  • DuPaul , G. and Carlson , J. S. 2005 . Child psychopharmacology: How school psychologists can contribute to effective outcomes . School Psychology Quarterly , 20 : 206 – 221 .
  • Greenhill , L. L. 1992 . Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 15 : 1 – 27 .
  • Gureasko-Moore , D. P. , DuPaul , G. J. and Power , T. J. 2005 . Stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Medication monitoring practices of school psychologists . School Psychology Review , 34 : 232 – 245 .
  • Hale , J. B. , Hoeppner , J. A. B. , DeWitt , M. B. , Coury , D. L. , Ritacco , D. G. and Trommer , B. 1998 . Evaluating medication response in ADHD: Cognitive, behavioral, and single-subject methodology . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 31 : 595 – 607 .
  • Hughes , J. R. and Hale , K. L. 1998 . Behavioral effects of caffeine and other methylxanthines on children . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 6 : 87 – 95 .
  • Jadad , A. R. , Booker , L. , Gauld , M. , Kakuma , R. , Boyel , M. Cunningham , C. 1999 . The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: An annotated bibliography and critical appraisal of published systematic reviews and metaanalyses . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 44 : 1025 – 1034 .
  • Joshi , S. V. 2004 . “ Psychostimulants, atomoxetine, and alpha-agonists ” . In Handbook of mental health interventions in children and adolescents: An integrated developmental approach , Edited by: Steiner , H. 258 – 287 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
  • Kratochvil , C. J. , Heiligenstein , J. H. , Dittman , R. , Spencer , T. J. , Biederman , J. Wernicke , J. 2002 . Atomoxetine and methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD: A prospective, randomized, open-label trial . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 41 : 776 – 784 .
  • Kubiszyn , T. 1994 . Pediatric psychopharmacology and prescription privileges: Implications and opportunities for school psychology . School Psychology Quarterly , 9 : 26 – 40 .
  • Ledbetter , M. 2005 . Atomoxetine use associated with onset of motor tic . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 15 : 331 – 333 .
  • Lee , T. S. , Lee , T. D. , Lombroso , P. J. and King , R. A. 2004 . Atomoxetine and tics in ADHD . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 : 1068 – 1069 .
  • Leon , M. R. 2000 . Effects of caffeine on cognitive, psychomotor and affective performance of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . Journal of Attention Disorders , 4 : 27 – 47 .
  • Leviton , A. 1992 . Behavioral correlates of caffeine consumption by children . Clinical Pediatrics , 31 : 742 – 750 .
  • Medco Health Solutions . 2004 . Drug trend report , Philadelphia, PA : Author .
  • Michelson , D. , Allen , A. J. , Busner , J. , Casat , C. , Dunn , D. Kratochvil , C. 2002 . Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 : 1896 – 1901 .
  • Michelson , D. , Faries , D. , Wernicke , J. , Kelsey , D. , Kendrick , K. Sallee , R. 2001 . Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study . Pediatrics , 108 Article e83
  • MTA Cooperative Group . 1999a . A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Archives in General Psychiatry , 56 : 1073 – 1086 .
  • MTA Cooperative Group . 2004a . National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: Changes in effectiveness and growth after the end of treatment . Pediatrics , 113 : 762 – 769 .
  • MTA Cooperative Group . 2004b . National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: 24-month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Pediatrics , 113 : 754 – 761 .
  • Pelham , W. E. , Gnagy , E. M. , Greiner , A. R. , Hoza , B. , Hinshaw , S. P. Swanson , J. M. 2000 . Behavior versus behavioral and pharmacological treatment in ADHD children attending a summer treatment program . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 28 : 507 – 525 .
  • Purdie , N. , Hattie , J. and Carroll , A. 2002 . A review of the research on interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: What works best? . Review of Educational Research , 72 : 61 – 99 .
  • Rapaport , J. L. , Berg , C. J. , Ismond , D. R. , Zahn , T. P. and Neims , A. 1984 . Behavioral effects of caffeine in children . Archives of General Psychiatry , 41 : 1073 – 1079 .
  • Rappley , M. D. 2005 . Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder . New England Journal of Medicine , 352 : 165 – 173 .
  • Rapport , M. D. , Chung , K. , Shore , G. and Isaacs , P. 2001 . A conceptual model of child psychopathology: Implications for understanding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and treatment efficacy . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 30 : 48 – 58 .
  • Rubin , J. T. , Towbin , R. B. , Bartko , M. , Baskin , K. M. , Cahill , A. M. and Kaye , R. D. 2004 . Oral and intravenous caffeine for treatment of children with post-sedation paradoxical hyperactivity . Pediatric Radiology , 34 : 980 – 984 .
  • Schnackenberg , R. C. 1973 . Caffeine as a substitute for schedule II stimulants in hyperkinetic children . American Journal of Psychiatry , 130 : 796 – 798 .
  • Spencer , T. , Biederman , J. , Wilens , T. , Harding , M. , O'Donnell , D. and Griffin , S. 1996 . Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit Disorder across the life cycle . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 35 : 409 – 432 .
  • Starr , H. L. and Kemner , J. 2005 . Multicenter, randomized, open-label study of OROS methylphenidate versus atomoxetine: Treatment outcomes in African-American children with ADHD . Journal of the National Medical Association , 97 : S11 – S16 .
  • Visser , S. N. and Lesesne , C. A. 2005 . Mental health in the United States: Prevalence of diagnosis and medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-United States, 2003 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 54 : 842 – 847 .
  • Volpe , R. J. , Heick , P. F. and Gureasko-Moore , D. 2005 . An agile behavioral model for monitoring the effects of stimulant medication in school settings . Psychology in the Schools , 42 : 509 – 523 .
  • Walls , C. February 10 2006 . Getting hyper about Ritalin: Why an FDA advisory panel suggested strong warnings for Ritalin, freaking out parents and patients and even doctors February 10 , Retrieved on May 12, 2006, from www.time.com.
  • Weiss , M. , Tannock , R. , Kratochvil , C. , Dunn , D. , Velez-Borras , J. Thomason , C. 2005 . A randomized, placebo-controlled study of once-daily atomoxetine in the school setting in children with ADHD . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 647 – 655 .
  • Wilens , T. E. 2004 . Straight talk about psychiatric medications for kids , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Wilens , T. E. and Spencer , T. J. 2000 . The stimulants revisited . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 9 : 573 – 603 .
  • Wilens , T. E. , Kratochvil , C. , Newcorn , J. H. and Gao , H. 2006 . Do children and adolescents with ADHD respond differently to atomoxetine? . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 45 : 149 – 157 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.