Making Sense of Sexual Orientation Measures: Findings from a Cognitive Processing Study with Adolescents on Health Survey Questions

REFERENCES

• Gay and Lesbian Medical Association and LGBT Health Experts . 2001 . Healthy People 2010 Companion Document for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Health. , San Francisco : Gay and Lesbian Medical Association; .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 2000 . Healthy People 2010 , Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office; .
   Google Scholar
• Saewyc , E M , Bauer , G R Skay , C L . 2004 . Measuring sexual orientation in adolescent health surveys: evaluation of eight school-based surveys. . J Adolesc Health. , 35 : 345 e341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sell , R L and Petrulio , C. 1996 . Sampling homosexuals, bisexuals, gays, and lesbians for public health research: a review of the literature from 1990 to 1992. . J Homosex. , 30 ( 4 ) : 31 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesbian Gay and Bisexual Youth Sexual Orientation Measurement Work Group . 2005 . “ Measuring sexual orientation of young people in health research ” . In Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 2003. Available at: http://www.glma.org/downloads/msoyphr2003.pdf. Accessed March 24
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . 1999 . Lesbian health: current assessment and directions for the future , Washington DC : National Academy Press; .
   Google Scholar
• Sell , R. 1997 . Defining and measuring sexual orientation: a review. . Archives of Sexual Behavior. , 26 ( 6 ) : 643 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remafedi , G , Resnick , M , Blum , R and Harris , L. 1992 . Demography of sexual orientation in adolescents. . Pediatrics. , 89 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : 714 – 721 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laumann , E O , Gagnon , J H , Michael , R T and Michaels , S. 1994 . The social organization of sexuality: sexual practices in the United States. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press; .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , K. 2002 . Cognitive analysis of sexual identity, attraction and behavior questions. , Hyattsville , MD : Office of Research and Methodology, National Center for Health Statistics; .
   Google Scholar
• Sell , R L and Becker , J B . 2001 . Sexual orientation data collection and progress toward Healthy People 2010. . Am J Public Health. , 91 ( 6 ) : 876 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockett , L J and Crouter , A C . 1995 . Pathways through adolescence: individual development in relation to social contexts. , Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; .
   Google Scholar
• Rosario , M , Meyer-Bahlburg , H FL , Hunter , J , Exner , T M , Gwadz , M and Keller , A M . 1996 . The psychosexual development of urban lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. . J Sex Research. , 33 ( 2 ) : 113 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Converse , J M and Presser , S. 1986 . Survey questions: handcrafting the standardized questionnaire. , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications; .
   Google Scholar
• Groves , R M , Fultz , N H and Martin , E. 1992 . “ Direct questioning about comprehension in a survey setting ” . In Questions about questions: inquiries into the cognitive bases of surveys. , Edited by: Tanur , J M . 49 – 61 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation; .
   Google Scholar
• Sudman , S , Bradburn , N M and Schwarz , N. 1996 . Thinking about answers: the application of cognitive processes to survey methodology. , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers; .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , G B . 1994 . Cognitive interviewing and questionnaire design: a training manual. , Hyattsville , MD : Office of Research and Methodology, National Center for Health Statistics; .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , J. 1997 . Applied regression analysis, linear models, and related methods , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications; .
   Google Scholar
• Rothman , K J and Greenland , S. 1998 . Modern Epidemiology, second edition. , Philadelphia : Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins; .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , D. 2003 . Pretesting survey instruments: an overview of cognitive methods. . Quality of Life Research. , 12 : 229 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSilva , M J , Harpham , T , Tuan , T , Bartolini , R , Penny , M E and Huttly , S R . 2006 . Psychometric and cognitive validation of a social capital measurement tool in Peru and Vietnam. . Social Science and Medicine. , 62 : 941 – 953 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnecke , R B , Johnson , T P Chavez , N . 1997 . Improving question wording in surveys of culturally diverse populations. . Ann Epidemiol. , 7 : 334 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bontempo , D E and D'Augelli , A R . 2002 . Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths' health risk behavior. . J Adolesc Health. , 30 : 364 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner , A H and Cranston , K. 1998 . Correlates of same-sex sexual behavior in a random sample of Massachusetts high school students. . Am J Public Health. , 88 ( 2 ) : 262 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo , R , Wolf , R C , Kessel , S , Palfrey , S J and DuRant , R H . 1998 . The association between health risk behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents. . Pediatrics. , 101 ( 5 ) : 895 – 902 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin , L , Brener , N D , Donahue , S F , Hack , T , Hale , K and Goodenow , C. 2002 . Associations between health risk behaviors and opposite-, same-, and both-sex sexual partners in representative samples of Vermont and Massachusetts high school students. . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. , 156 ( 4 ) : 349 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D M , Horwood , L J and Beautrais , A L . 1999 . Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? . Arch Gen Psychiatry. , 56 ( 10 ) : 876 – 880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin , S B , Ziyadeh , N , Fisher , L B , Kahn , J A , Colditz , G A and Frazier , A L . 2004 . Sexual orientation and tobacco use in a cohort study of U.S. adolescent girls and boys. . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. , 158 : 317 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , A , Sidhu , A and Tonkin , R. Being out: lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in BC, an adolescent health survey . The McCreary Centre Society , Available at: www.mcs.bc.ca
   Google Scholar
• Saewyc , E M , Skay , C L , Bearinger , L H , Blum , R W and Resnick , M D . 1998 . Demographics of sexual orientation among American-Indian adolescents. . Am J Ortho-psychiatry. , 68 ( 4 ) : 590 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Survey of Family Growth . 2003 . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nsfg/nsfgback.htm. Accessed November 11
   Google Scholar
• Ostrem , M. 2005 . Director of Research and Evaluation, Boston Public Health Commission; March 21 personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Bradburn , N M and Sudman , S. 1980 . Improving interview method and questionnaire design: response effects to threatening questions and survey research. , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers; .
   Google Scholar
• Miles , M B and Huberman , A M . 1994 . Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook., , Second ed. , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications; .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , P L and Ezzy , D. 2001 . Qualitative research methods: a health focus. , South Melbourne , , Australia : Oxford University Press; .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , M S , Silvestre , A J Gold , M A . 2004 . Adolescents define sexual orientation and suggest ways to measure it. . J Adolescence. , 27 : 303 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVellis , R F . 1991 . Scale development: theory and applications. , Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications; .
   Google Scholar
• Bassett , V , Conron , K J , Landers , S and Auerbach , J. 2002 . Public health infrastructure: building LGBT compentency into health care, institutions, and policies. . Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs. , 19 ( 2, 3 ) : 191 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binson , D and Catania , J A . 1998 . Respondents' understanding of the words used in sexual behavior questions. . Public Opinion Quarterly. , 62 ( 2 ) : 190 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2005 . Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System: Youth Online Available at: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/yrbss/. Accessed March 24
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , L M . 2003 . What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire. . Psychological Review. , 110 ( 1 ) : 173 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , T , O'Rourke , D Chavez , N . 1997 . “ Social cognition and responses to survey questions among culturally diverse populations ” . In Survey measurement and process quality. , Edited by: Lyberg , L , Biemer , P Collins , M . 87 – 113 . New York : John Wiley and Sons Inc.; .
   Google Scholar