Are Transgender Persons at Higher Risk for HIV Than Other Sexual Minorities? A Comparison of HIV Prevalence and Risks

REFERENCES

• Bockting , W. , Miner , M. and Rosser , S. 2004 . Male partners of transgender persons and HIV/STI risk: Findings from an Internet study of Latino men who have sex with men Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Bockting , W. O. , Robinson , B. E. , Forberg , J. and Scheltema , K. 2005 . Evaluation of a sexual health approach to reducing HIV/STD risk in the transgender community. . AIDS Care , 17 ( 3 ) : 289 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockting , W. O. , Rosser , B. R. S. and Robinson , B. E. 1998 . Transgender HIV prevention: A qualitative needs assessment. . AIDS Care , 10 ( 4 ) : 505 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boles , J. and Elifson , K. W. 1994 . The social organization of transvestite prostitution and AIDS. . Social Science and Medicine , 39 ( 1 ) : 85 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2003 . HIV/ AIDS surveillance report, 15. , Atlanta, , Georgia : US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . [Available at www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrlink.htm]
   Google Scholar
• Clements-Nolle , K. , Marx , R. , Guzman , R. and Katz , M. 2001 . HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: Implications for public health intervention. . American Journal of Public Health , 91 ( 6 ) : 915 – 921 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frable , D. E. S. , Wortman , C. and Joseph , J. 1997 . Predicting self esteem, well-being, and distress in a cohort of gay men: The importance of cultural stigma, personal visibility, community networks, and positive identity. . Journal of Personality , 65 : 599 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines , A. M. , Snowden , L. R. and Graves , K. L. 1998 . Acculturation, alcohol consumption and AIDS-related risky sexual behavior among African American women. . Women & Health , 27 ( 3 ) : 17 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenagy , G. P. 2002 . HIV among transgendered people. . AIDS Care , 14 ( 1 ) : 127 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenagy , G. P. 2005 . The health and social service needs of transgender people in Philadelphia. . International Journal of Transgenderism , 8 ( 2/3 ) : 49 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenagy , G. P. and Bostwick , W. B. 2005 . Health and social service needs of transgender people in Chicago. . International Journal of Transgenderism , 8 ( 2/3 ) : 57 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindley , L. L. , Nicholson , T. J. , Kerby , M. B. and Lu , N. 2003 . HIV/STI associated risk behaviors among self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender college students in the United States. . AIDS Education and Prevention , 15 ( 5 ) : 413 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathy , R. M. 2001 . A nonclinical comparison of transgender identity and sexual orientation: A framework for multicultural competence. . Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality , 13 ( 1 ) : 31 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , I. H. 2003 . Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. . Psychological Bulletin , 129 ( 5 ) : 674 – 697 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemoto , T. , Luke , D. , Mamo , L. , Ching , A. and Patria , J. 1999 . HIV risk behaviours among male-to-female transgenders in comparison with homosexual and bisexual males and heterosexual females. . AIDS Care , 11 ( 3 ) : 297 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemoto , T. , Operario , D. , Keatley , J. , Han , L. and Soma , T. 2004 . HIV risk behaviors among male-to-female transgender persons of color in San Francisco. . American Journal of Public Health , 94 ( 7 ) : 1193 – 1199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , P. A. and Zimmerman , M. A. 2000 . Gender differences in HIV-related sexual risk behavior among urban African American youth: A multivariate approach. . AIDS Education and Prevention , 12 ( 4 ) 308- 325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttbrock , L. , Rosenblum , A. and Blumenstein , R. 2002 . Transgender identity affirmation and mental health. . International Journal of Transgenderism , 6 ( 4 ) [Available at www.symposion.com/ijt]
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , B. E. , Bockting , W. O. , Rosser , B. R. S. , Miner , M. and Coleman , E. 2002 . The Sexual Health Model: Application of a sexological approach to HIV prevention. . Health Education Research; Theory and Practice , 17 ( 1 ) : 43 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , B. E. , Scheltema , K. and Cherry , T. Risky sexual behavior in low-income African American women: The impact of sexuality and acculturation . Journal of Sex Research. , (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Ross , M. W. 1988 . Attitudes toward condoms as AIDS prophylaxis in homosexual men: Dimensions and measurement. . Psychology and Health , 2 : 291 – 299 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosser , B. R. S. , Bockting , W. O. , Rugg , D. L. , Robinson , B. E. , Ross , M. W. , Bauer , G. R. and Coleman , E. 2002 . A randomized controlled intervention trial of a sexual health approach to long-term HIV risk reduction for men who have sex with men: Effects of the intervention on unsafe sexual behavior. . AIDS Education and Prevention , 14 ( Supplement A ) : 59 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotheram-Borus , M. J. , Marelich , W. D. and Srinivasan , S. 1999 . HIV risk among homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual male and female youths. . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 28 ( 2 ) : 159 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation . 2002 . The 2002 HHS poverty guidelines. [Available online at www.aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/02poverty.htm]
   Google Scholar
• Xavier , J. M. , Bobbin , M. , Singer , B. and Budd , E. 2005 . A needs assessment of transgendered people of color living in Washington, DC. . International Journal of Transgenderism , 8 ( 2/3 ) : 31 – 47 .
   Google Scholar