HIV/AIDS Stigmatizing Attitudes Among Young People in Swaziland

REFERENCES

• Alubo , O. , Zwandor , A. , Jolayemi , T. and Omudu , E. 2002 . Acceptance and stigmatization of PLWA in Nigeria . AIDS Care , 14 ( 1 ) : 117 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brener , N. D. , Collins , J. L. , Kann , L. , Warren , C. W. and Williams , B. I. 1995 . Reliability of the youth risk behavior survey questionnaire . American Journal of Epidemiology , 141 ( 6 ) : 575 – 580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brener , N. D. , Kann , L. , McManus , T. , Kinchen , S. A. , Sundberg , E. C. and Ross , J. G. 2002 . Reliability of the 1999 youth risk behavior survey questionnaire . Journal Adolescent Health , 31 ( 4 ) : 336 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brener , N. D. , McManus , T. , Galuska , D. A. , Lowry , R. and Wechsler , H. 2003 . Reliability and validity of self-reported height and weight among high school students . Journal Adolescent Health , 32 ( 4 ) : 281 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. , Trujillo , L. and Macintyre , K. 2001 . Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: What have we learned? Horizons Program , Tulane University . Available: http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/litvwstigdisc.pdf [2004, July 19].
   Google Scholar
• Buga , G. A.B. , Amoko , D. H.A. and Ncayiyana , D. J. 1996 . Adolescent sexual behaviour, knowledge and attitudes to sexuality among school girls in Transkei, South Africa . East African Medical Journal , 73 ( 2 ) : 95 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buseh , A. G. , Glass , L. K. and McElmurry , B. J. 2002a . Cultural and gender issues related to HIV/AIDS prevention in rural Swaziland: A focus group analysis . Health Care for Women International , 23 ( 2 ) : 173 – 184 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buseh , A. G. , Glass , L. K. , McElmurry , B. J. , Mkhabela , M. and Sukati , N. A. 2002b . Primary and preferred sources for HIV/AIDS and sexual risk behavior information among adolescents in Swaziland, Southern Africa . International Journal of Nursing Studies , 39 ( 5 ) : 525 – 538 .
   Google Scholar
• Burkholder , G. J. , Harlow , L. L. and Washkwich , J. L. 1999 . Social stigma, HIV/AIDS knowledge, and sexual risk . Journal of Applied Behavioral Research , 4 ( 1 ) : 27 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. 1999 . Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance , Washington, D.C. : United States. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Dare , O. O. and Cleland , J. G. 1994 . Reliability and validity of survey data on sexual behaviour . Health Transition Review , 4 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 93 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , C. , Harrison , M. G. and Toldson , I. A. 2005 . Social stigma, HIV/AIDS knowledge, and sexual risk: A cross-cultural analysis . Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research , 10 : 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Eaton , L. , Flisher , A. J. and Aro , L. E. 2003 . Unsafe sexual behaviour in South African youth . Social Science and Medicine , 56 ( 1 ) : 149 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish , T. A. and Rye , B. J. 1991 . Attitudes toward a homosexual or heterosexual person with AIDS . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 21 ( 8 ) : 651 – 667 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , J. D. and Fisher , W. A. 1992 . Changing AIDS risk behavior . Psychological Bulletin , 11 ( 3 ) : 455 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , J. D. , Fisher , W. A. , Bryan , A. D. and Misovich , S. J. 2002 . Information-motivation-behavioral skills model-based HIV risk behavior change intervention for inner-city high school youth . Health Psychology , 21 ( 2 ) : 177 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flisher , A. J. , Ziervogel , C. F. , Chalton , D. O. , Leger , P. H. and Robertson , B. A. 1993 . Risk-taking behaviour of Cape peninsula high-school students, Part VIII: Sexual behaviour . South African Medical Journal , 83 ( 7 ) : 495 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. and Capitanio , J. P. 1997 . AIDS stigma and contact with persons with AIDS: Effects of direct and vicarious contact . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 27 ( 1 ) : 1 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Center For Research On Women. 2002 . Disentangling stigma in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia Available: http://www.icrw.org/docs/stigmareport093003.pdf [2004, July 19].
   Google Scholar
• Kamwendo , G. and Kamowa , O. 1999 . “ HIV/AIDS and a return to traditional cultural practices in Malawi ” . In AIDS and Development in Africa: A Social science Perspective , Edited by: Kempe , R. H. New York : The Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , K. 2000 . Communicating for action: A contextual evaluation of youth responses to HIV/AIDS , Pretoria : Department of Health . (Sentinel Site Monitoring and Evaluation Project for the Beyond Awareness Campaign).
   Google Scholar
• King , J. 1983 . “ Attribution theory and the Health Belief Model ” . In Attribution theory: Social and functional extensions , Edited by: Hewstone , M. 170 – 186 . Oxford, , U.K. : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Klepp , K. I. , Ndeki , S. S. , Seha , A. M. , Hannan , P. , Lyimo , B. A. , Msuya , M. H. , Irema , M. N. and Schreiner , A. 1994 . AIDS education for primary school children in Tanzania: An evaluation study . AIDS , 8 ( 8 ) : 1157 – 1162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lwanda , J. 2003 . The [in]visibility of HIV/AIDS in Malawi public sphere . African Journal of AIDS Research , 2 ( 2 ) : 113 – 126 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacPhail , C. and Campbhell , C. 2000 . 'I think condoms are good, but I hate those things': Condom use among adolescents and young people in a Southern African township . Social Science and Medicine , 52 ( 11 ) : 1613 – 1627 .
   Google Scholar
• Mathews , C. , Kuhn , L. , Metcalf , C. A. , Joubert , G. and Cameron , M. A. 1990 . Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about AIDS in township school students in Cape Town . South African Medical Journal , 78 ( 9 ) : 511 – 516 .
   Google Scholar
• McLeroy , K. , Bibeau , D. , Steckler , A. and Glanz , K. 1988 . An ecological perspective on health promotion programs . Health Education Quarterly , 15 ( 4 ) : 351 – 377 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore , S. and Rosenthal , D. A. 1991 . Adolescent invulnerability and perceptions of risk . Journal of Adolescent Research , 6 ( 2 ) : 164 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Muyinda , H. , Seeley , J. , Pickering , H. and Barton , T. 1997 . Social aspects of AIDS-related stigma in rural Uganda . Health & Place , 3 ( 3 ) : 143 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myer , L. , Rodney , E. I. and Susser , E. S. 2004 . Social epidemiology in South Africa . American Journal of Epidemiology , 160 ( 1 ) : 112 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , R. and Aggleton , P. 2003 . HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action . Social Science & Medicine , 57 ( 1 ) : 13 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattullo , A. L. , Malonza , M. , Kimani , G. G. , Muthee , A. , Otieno , P. A. , Odhiambo , K. , Moses , S. and Plumier , F. A. 1994 . Survey of knowledge, behaviour and attitudes relating to HIV infection and AIDS among Kenyan secondary school students . AIDS Care , 6 ( 2 ) : 173 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poundstone , K. E. , Strathdee , S. A. and Celentano , D. D. 2004 . The social epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Epidemiology Review , 26 : 22 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston-Whyte , E. M. 2003 . Contexts of vulnerability: Sex, secrecy and HIV/AIDS . African Journal of AIDS Research , 2 ( 2 ) : 89 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid , G. and Walker , L. 2003 . Secrecy, stigma and HIV/AIDS: An introduction . African Journal of AIDS Research , 2 ( 2 ) : 85 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somerville , M. A. and Orkin , A. J. 1989 . Human rights, discrimination and AIDS: Concepts and issues . AIDS , 3 (Suppl. 1) : S283 – S287 .
   Google Scholar
• Tillotson , J. and Maharaj , P. 2001 . Barriers to HIV/AIDS protective behavior among African adolescent males in township secondary schools in Durban, South Africa . Society in Transition , 32 ( 1 ) : 83 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS/WHO . 2004 . Report on the Global AID Epidemic , Geneva : UNAIDS .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 2005 . Report on the world social situation, 2005: the inequality predicament , New York : UN .
   Google Scholar
• Visser , M. , Ross , J. and Korf , L. 1995 . AIDS prevention on the campus . South African Journal of Higher Education , 9 : 165 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , K. , Maforah , F. and Jewkes , R. 1998 . “He forced me to love him”: Putting violence on adolescent sexual health agendas . Social Science and Medicine , 47 ( 2 ) : 233 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1990 . Interview Schedule for Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Practices on AIDS of Young People , Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar