Developmental Gender Differentiation

References

• Bailey , J. M. , Bechtold , K. T. and Berenbaum , S. A. 2002 . Who are tomboys and why should we study them? . Archives Sexual Behavior , 31 : 333 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett , N. H. , Vasey , P. L. and Bukowski , W. M. 2000 . Is gender identity disorder in children a mental disorder? . Sex Roles , 43 : 753 – 785 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1983 . Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-schematic society . Signs , 8 : 598 – 616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1993 . The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1998 . An Unconventional Family , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berenbaum , S. A. and Hines , M. 1992 . Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences . Psychological Science , 3 : 203 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenbaum , S. A. and Snyder , E. 1995 . Early hormonal influences on childhood sex-typed activity and playmate preferences: Implications for the development of sexual orientation . Developmental Psychology , 31 : 31 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler , R. S. 1995 . The role of classification skill in moderating environmental influences on children's gender stereotyping: A study of the functional use of gender in the classroom . Child Development , 66 : 1072 – 1087 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler , R. S. , Brown , C. S. and Markell , M. 2001 . When groups are not created equal: Effects of group status on the formation of intergroup attitudes in children . Child Development , 72 : 1151 – 1162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler , R. S. , Jones , L. C. and Lobliner , D. B. 1997 . Social categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children . Child Development , 68 : 530 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler , R. S. and Liben , L. S. 1990 . The role of attitudes and intervention in gender-schematic processing . Child Development , 61 : 1440 – 1452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler , R. S. and Liben , L. S. 1992 . Cognitive mechanism in children's gender stereotyping: Theoretical and educational implications of a cognitive-based intervention . Child Development , 63 : 1351 – 1363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler , R. S. and Liben , L. S. 1993 . A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotyping and reconstructive memory in Euro-American children . Child Development , 64 : 1507 – 1518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss , D. 1989 . Toward an evolutionary psychology of human mating . Behavioral & Brain Sciences , 12 : 39 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Caldera , Y. M. , Huston , A. C. and O'Brien , M. 1989 . Social interactions and play patterns of parents and toddlers with feminine, masculine, and neutral toys . Child Development , 60 : 70 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert , S. L. and Huston , A. C. 1987 . “ Television and children's gender schemata ” . In New Directions for Child Development: Vol. 38. Children's Gender Schemata , Edited by: Liben , L. S. and Signorella , M. L. 75 – 88 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Cann , A. and Newbern , S. R. 1984 . Sex stereotype effects in children's picture recognition . Child Development , 55 : 1085 – 1090 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen-Kettenis , P. T. and Gooren , L. J.G. 1999 . Transsexualism: A review of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment . J. Psychosomatic Research , 46 : 315 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condry , J. and Condry , S. 1976 . Sex differences: A study in the eye of the beholder . Child Development , 51 : 943 – 963 .
   Google Scholar
• Dittman , R. W. , Kappes , M. E. and Kappes , H. H. 1992 . Sexual behavior in adolescent and adult females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 17 : 153 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorahy , M. J. , Lewis , C. A. , Schumaker , J. F. , Akuamoah-Boateng , R. , Duze , M. C. and Sibiya , T. E. 1998 . A cross-cultural analysis of religion and life satisfaction . Mental Health, Religion & Culture , 1 : 37 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. and Baker , S. W. 1974 . “ Fetal androgens, human central nervous system differentiation, and behavior sex differences ” . In Sex Differences in Behavior , Edited by: Friedman , R. C. , Richart , R. M. and Vande Wiele , R. L. 33 – 51 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Fabes , R. A. , Martin , C. L. and Hanish , L. D. 2003 . Young children's play qualities in same-, other-, and mixed-sex peer groups . Child Development , 74 : 921 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagot , B. I. and Leinbach , M. D. 1995 . Gender knowledge in egalitarian and traditional families . Sex Roles , 32 : 513 – 526 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frable , D. E. and Bem , S. L. 1985 . If you are gender schematic, all members of the opposite sex look alike . J. Personality & Social Psychology , 49 : 459 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyock , J. and Stangor , C. 1994 . The control of memory biases in stereotype maintenance . British J. Social Psychology , 33 : 331 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. 1992 . Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus: A Practical Guide for Improving Communication and Getting What You Want in Your Relationship , New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. 1987 . The “Sissy Boy Syndrome” and the Development of Homosexuality , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. 1995 . “ Gender identity disorder in children ” . In Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Gabbard , G. O. 2001 – 2014 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. , Williams , K. and Goodman , M. 1982 . Ninety-nine “tomboys” and “non-tomboys”: Behavioral contrasts and demographic similarities . Archives Sexual Behavior , 11 : 247 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern , D. F. 2000 . Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities, 3rd edition , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Herdt , G. , ed. 1994 . Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History , New York : Zone Books .
   Google Scholar
• Hines , M. , Brook , C. and Conway , G. S. 2004 . Androgen and psychosexual development: Core gender identity, sexual orientation and recalled childhood gender role behavior in men and women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . J. Sex Research , 41 : 75 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huston , A. C. 1983 . “ Sex-typing ” . In Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, Personality, and Social Development, , 4th edition , Edited by: Mussen , P. H. and Hetherington , E. M. 387 – 467 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , L. A. , Ialongo , N. and Stollak , G. E. 1986 . Parental correlates of gender role: The relations between parents' masculinity, femininity, and child-rearing behaviors and their children's gender roles . J. Social & Clinical Psychology , 4 : 204 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenrick , D. T. and Keefe , R. C. 1992 . Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies . Behavioral & Brain Sciences , 15 : 75 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , S. J. 1990 . The medical construction of gender: Case management of intersexed infants . Signs , 16 : 3 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , S. J. 1998 . Lessons from the Intersexed , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg , L. 1966 . “ A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex role concepts and attitudes ” . In The Development of Sex Differences , Edited by: Maccoby , E. 82 – 172 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhnle , U. , Bullinger , M. and Schwarz , H. P. 1995 . The quality of life in adult female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A comprehensive study of the impact of genital malformations and chronic disease on female patients' life . European J. Pediatrics , 154 : 708 – 716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , S. 1998 . Men as Women, Women as Men: Changing Gender in Native American Cultures , Austin, TX : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Langlois , J. H. and Downs , A. C. 1980 . Mothers, fathers, and peers as socialization agents of sex-typed play behaviors in young children . Child Development , 51 : 1217 – 1247 .
   Google Scholar
• Leaper , C. 1994 . “ Exploring the consequences of gender segregation on social relationships ” . In New Directions for Child Development: Vol. 65. Childhood Gender Segregation: Causes and Consequences , Edited by: Leaper , C. 67 – 86 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Leaper , C. 2002 . “ Parenting boys and girls ” . In Handbook of Parenting: Vol. I. Children and Parenting, , 2nd edition , Edited by: Bornstein , M. H. 127 – 152 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Liben , L. S. and Bigler , R. S. 1987 . “ Reformulating children's gender schemata ” . In New Directions for Child Development: Vol. 38. Children's Gender Schemata , Edited by: Liben , L. S. and Signorella , M. L. 89 – 105 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Liben , L. S. and Bigler , R. S. 2002 . The developmental course of gender differentiation: Conceptualizing, measuring, and evaluating constructs and pathways . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 67 ( 2 ) (Serial No. 269)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liben , L. S. , Bigler , R. S. and Krogh , H. K. 2001 . Pink and blue collar jobs: Children's judgments of job status and job aspirations in relation to sex of worker . J. Experimental Child Psychology , 79 : 346 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liben , L. S. and Signorella , M. L. 1980 . Gender-related schemata and constructive memory in children . Child Development , 51 : 11 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liptak , A. 2004 . Bans on interracial unions offer perspective on gay ones . The New York Times , March 17 : A22
   Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. and Jacklin , C. N. 1974 . The Psychology of Sex Differences , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. and Jacklin , C. N. 1987 . “ Gender segregation in childhood ” . In Advances in Child Development and Behavior, Vol. 20 , Edited by: Reese , H. W. 239 – 287 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , C. L. 1995 . Stereotypes about children with traditional and nontraditional gender roles . Sex Roles , 33 : 727 – 751 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , C. L. and Halverson , C. F. 1981 . A schematic-processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children . Child Development , 52 : 1119 – 1134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , C. L. and Halverson , C. F. 1983 . The effects of sex-stereotyping schemas on young children's memory . Child Development , 54 : 563 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHale , S. M. , Crouter , A. C. and Whiteman , S. D. 2003 . The family contexts of gender development in childhood and adolescence . Social Development , 12 : 125 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , P. H. 2002 . Theories of Developmental Psychology, 4th edition , New York : Worth .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. , Schwartz , M. and Lewis , V. G. 1984 . Adult erotosexual status and fetal hormone masculinization and demasculinization: 46, XX congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia and 46,XY androgen-insensitivity syndrome compared . Psychoneuro-endocrinology , 9 : 405 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montemayor , R. and Eisen , M. 1977 . The development of self conceptions from childhood to adolescence . Developmental Psychology , 13 : 314 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanda , S. 1990 . Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Nanda , S. 2000 . Gender Diversity: Cross-Cultural Variations , Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland .
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. 2004 . Schools and Staffing Survey Retrieved February 12, 2004, http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/SASS/OVERVIEW.ASP
   Google Scholar
• Neisen , J. 1992 . Gender identity disorder of childhood: By whose standard and for what purpose? A response to Rekers and Morey . J. Psychology & Human Sexuality , 5 : 65 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Pasterski , V. L. , Geffner , M. , Brain , C. , Hindmarsh , P. , Brook , C. and Hines , M. 2005 . Prenatal hormones versus postnatal socialization by parents as determinants of male-typical toy play in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Child Development , 76 : 264 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , C. J. and Chan , R. W. 1999 . “ Families headed by lesbian and gay parents ” . In Parenting and Child Development in “Nontraditional” Families , Edited by: Lamb , M. E. 191 – 219 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Pease , B. and Pease , A. 2000 . Why Men Don't Listen & Why Women Can't Read Maps: How We're Different and What to Do About It , New York : Welcome Rain .
   Google Scholar
• Repetti , R. L. 1984 . Determinants of children's sex stereotyping: Parental sex-role traits and television viewing . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 10 : 457 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruble , D. N. , Martin , C. L. and Berenbaum , S. A. 2006 . “ Gender development ” . In Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 3. Social, Emotional, and Personality Development, , 6th edition , Edited by: Damon , W. , Lerner , R. M. and Eisenberg , N. 858 – 932 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Signorella , M. L. , Bigler , R. S. and Liben , L. S. 1993 . Developmental differences in children's gender schemata about others: A meta-analytic review . Developmental Review , 13 : 147 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorella , M. L. and Liben , L. S. 1984 . Recall and reconstruction of gender-related pictures: Effects of attitude, task difficulty, and age . Child Development , 55 : 393 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorelli , N. 1990 . Children, television and gender roles: Messages and impact . J. Adolescent Health Care , 11 : 50 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Signorelli , N. and Bacue , A. 1999 . Recognition and respect: A content analysis of prime-time television characters across three decades . Sex Roles , 40 : 527 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangor , C. S. and Ruble , D. N. 1987 . “ Development of gender role knowledge and gender constancy ” . In New Directions for Child Development: Vol. 38. Children's Gender Schemata , Edited by: Liben , L. S. and Signorella , M. L. 5 – 22 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Weisner , T. S. and Wilson-Mitchell , J. E. 1990 . Nonconventional family life-styles and sex typing in six-year-olds . Child Development , 61 : 1915 – 1933 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. 1985 . “ Cross-gender-identified children ” . In Gender Dysphoria: Development, Research, Management , Edited by: Steiner , B. W. 75 – 174 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. and Bradley , S. J. 1995 . Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents , New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. , Bradley , S. J. , Oliver , G. and Blake , J. 1996 . Psychosexual development of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Hormones & Behavior , 30 : 300 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuger , B. 1984 . Early effeminate behavior in boys: Outcome and significance for homosexuality . J. Nervous & Mental Disease , 172 : 90 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar