192
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Functional and Neurological Outcome of Stroke and the Relation to Stroke Severity and Type, Stroke Unit Treatment, Body Temperature, Age, and Other Risk Factors: The Copenhagen Stroke Study

, , , , &
Pages 1-19 | Published online: 02 Feb 2015

REFERENCES

  • Andrews, K., Brocklehurst, J.C., Richards, B., & Laycock, P.J. (1981). The rate of recovery from stroke - and its measure-ment. International Rehabilitation Medicine, 3,155–161.
  • Basmajian, J.V., Gowland, A.C., & Finlayson, A.J. (1987). Stroke treatment: Comparison of integrated behavioral-physical therapy vs. traditional physical therapy programs. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 68, 267–272.
  • Britton, M., & Roden, A. (1985). Progression of stroke after arrival at hospital. Stroke, 16, 629–632.
  • Castillo, J., Martinez, F., Leira, R., Prieto, J.M., Lema, M., & Noya, M. (1994). Mortality and morbidity of acute cerebral infarction related to temperature and basal analytic param-eters. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 4, 56–71.
  • Dickstein, R., Hockerman, S., & Pillar, T. (1986). Stroke rehabilitation: Three exercise therapy approaches. J Phys Ther, 66, 1233–1238.
  • Dombovy, ML., Basford, J.R., Whisnant, J.P., & Bergstrahl, E.J. (1987). Disability and use of rehabilitation services following stroke in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1979. Stroke, 18, 830–836.
  • Friedman, P.J. (1991). Gait recovery after hemiplegic stroke. International Disability Studies, 12, 119–122.
  • Garraway, W.M., Akhtar, A.J., Prescott, R.J., & Hockey, L. (1980). Management of acute stroke in the elderly: Prelimi-nary results of a controlled trial. Br Med J, 280, 1040–1043.
  • Hindfelt, B. (1976). The prognostic significance of subfebrility and fever in ischemic cerebral infarction. Acta Neurol Scand, 53, 72–79.
  • Indredavik, B., Bakke, F., Solberg, R., Rokseth, R., Haaheim, L.L., & Holme, I. (1991). Benefit of a stroke unit: A randomized controlled trial. Stroke, 22, 1026–1031.
  • Jeppesen, L.L., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., Olsen, T.S., & Winther, K. (1996a). Decreased serum testosterone in men with acute ischemic stroke. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 16, 749–754.
  • Jeppesen, L.L., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., Olsen, T.S., & Winther, K. (1996b). Endogenous sex hormones in women with ischemic stroke. Cerebrovascu-lar Diseases, 6, 288–293.
  • Jespersen, H.F., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., & Olsen, T.S. (1995). Shoulder pain after a stroke. Int J Rehab Res, 18, 273–276.
  • Jongbloed, L., Stacey, S., & Brighton, C. (1989). Stroke rehabilitation: Sensorimotor integrative treatment versus functional treatment. Am J Occup Ther, 43, 391–397.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Jespersen, H.F., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1994a). Headache in stroke: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurol, 44, 1793–1797.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1994b). Silent infarction in acute stroke patients: Prevalence, localisation, risk factors and clinical signifi-cance: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke, 25, 97–104.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1994c). Stroke in the diabetic patients: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke, 25, 1977–1984.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1994d). The effect of blood pressure and diabetes on stroke in progression: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. The Lancet, 344, 156–159.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Sperling, B., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1994e). Spontaneous reperfusion of cerebral infarcts in acute stroke: Incidence, time course and clinical outcome: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Neurol, 51, 865–873.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., Larsen, K., HObbe, P., & Olsen, T.S. (1995a). The effect of a stroke unit: Reductions in mortality, discharge to nursing home, length ofhospital stay, and cost: A community-based study. Stroke, 26, 1178–1182.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1995b). Intracerebral hemorrhage versus infarction: A comparison of stroke severity, risk factors and prognosis. Ann Neurol, 38, 45–50.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1995c). Leukoaraiosis in stroke patients: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke, 26, 588–592.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1995d). Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 76, 27–32.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, H.O., Vive-Larsen, J., Stoier, M., & Olsen, T.S. (1995e). Stroke reha-bilitation: Outcome and speed ofrecovery. Part I: Outcome. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 76, 399–405.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., Vive-Larsen, J., Stoier, M., & Olsen, T.S. (1995). Stroke reha-bilitation: Outcome and speed of recovery. Part II: Speed of recovery. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 76, 406–412.
  • Jorgensen, H.S. (1996a). The Copenhagen Stroke Study Ex-perience. Journal of Stroke and Other Cerebrovascular Disorders, 6, 5–16.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Reith, J., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1996b). Acute stroke with atrial fibrillation: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke, 27, 1765–1769.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Reith, J., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1996c). Factors delaying hospital admission in acute stroke. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurology, 47, 383–387.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Reith, J., Pedersen, P.M., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1996d). The relation be-tween body temperature and outcome in stroke patients is time dependent. The Lancet, 348, 193.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1997a). Acute stroke care and rehabilitation: An analysis of the direct cost and its clinical and social deter-minants: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke, 28, 1138–1141.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1997b). Acute stroke: Prognosis and a prediction of the effect of medical treatment on outcome and health care utilization: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurol, 49, 1335–1342.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Reith, J., & Olsen, T.S. (1997c). The effects of a stroke unit and the clinical signifi-cance of acute blood pressure, diabetes, blood sugar, body temperature and spontaneous reperfusion on stroke out-come. In J. Klingelhofer, E. Bartels, & E.B. Ringelstein (Eds.), New trends in cerebral hemodynamics and neurosonology (pp. 685–693). Amsterdam: Elsevier Sci-ence.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Reith, J., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1997d). Stroke recurrence: Predictors, severity and prognosis: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurol, 48, 891–895.
  • Jorgensen, H.S., Kammersgaard, L.P., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., Larsen, K., Hiibbe, P., & Olsen, T.S. (1999). Treatment and rehabilitation on a stroke unit im-proves 5-year survival. Stroke, 30, 930–933.
  • Kelly-Hayes, M., Wolf, P.A., Kase, CS., Gresham, G.E., Kannel, W.B., & D'Agostino, R.B. (1989). Time course of functional recovery after stroke: The Framingham Study. J Neurol Rehab, 3,65–70.
  • Kotila, M., Waltimo, O., Niemi, M., Laaksonen, R., & Lempinen, M. (1984). The profile of recovery from stroke and factors influencing outcome. Stroke, 15, 1039–1044.
  • Langhorne, P., Williams, B.O., Gilchrist, W., & Howie, K. (1993). Do stroke units save lives? The Lancet, 342, 395–398.
  • Logigian, M.K., Samuels, M.A., & Falconer, J. (1983). Clini-cal exercise for stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 64, 364–367.
  • Mahoney, F.D., & Barthel, D.W. (1965). Functional evalua-tion: The Barthel Index. Maryland Medical Journal, 14, 61–63.
  • Marchal, G., Serrati, C., & Rioux, P. (1993). PET imaging of cerebral perfusion and oxygen consumption in acute is-chemic stroke: Relation to outcome. The Lancet, 341, 925–927.
  • Nakayama, H., Jorgensen, H.S., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1994a). The influence of age on stroke outcome: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke, 25, 808–813.
  • Nakayama, H., Jorgensen, H.S., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1994b). Recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 75, 394–398.
  • Nakayama, H., Jorgensen, H.S., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1994c). The role of compensation in recovery of upper arm function after stroke patients: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 75, 852-857. Nakayama, H., Jorgensen, H.S., Pedersen, P.M., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1997). Prevalence and risk factors of incontinence after stroke: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke, 28, 58–60.
  • Olsen, T.S. (1989). Improvement of function and motor impairment after stroke. J Neurol Rehab, 3, 187-192. Olsen, T.S. (1990). Arm and leg paresis as outcome predictors in stroke rehabilitation. Stroke, 21, 247–251.
  • Parker, V.M., Wade, D.T., & Hewer, R.L. (1986). Loss of arm function after stroke: Measurements, frequency, and recov-ery. Int Rehab Med, 8, 69–73.
  • Pedersen, P.M., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1995). Aphasia in acute stroke: Incidence, determinants, and recovery: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Ann Neurol, 38, 659–666.
  • Pedersen, P.M., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1996a). Ipsilateral pushing in stroke: Incidence, relation to neuropsychological symptoms, and impact on rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 76, 25-28. Pedersen, P.M., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1996b). The impact of aphasia on ADL and social activities: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. J Neurol Rehab, 10, 91–96.
  • Pedersen, P.M., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1996c). Orientation in the acute and chronic stroke patient: Impact on ADL and social activities: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 77, 336–339.
  • Pedersen, P.M., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1996d). Frequency, determinants and consequences of anosognosia in acute stroke. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. J Neurol Rehab, 10, 229-236. Pedersen, P.M., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1997a). Hemineglect in acute stroke: Incidence and prognostic implications: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Am J Phys Med Rehab, 76(2), 122-127. Pedersen, P.M., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1997b). Comprehensive assessment of activities of daily living in stroke: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 78, 161–165.
  • Pedersen, P.M., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1998). Impaired orientation in acute stroke: Frequency, determinants, and time-course of recov-ery: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Cerebrovascular Dis-eases, 8, 90–96.
  • Reding, M.J., & Potes, E. (1988). Rehabilitation outcome following initial unilateral hemisperic stroke: Life table analysis approach. Stroke, 19, 1354–1358.
  • Reith, J., Jorgensen, H.S., Pedersen, P.M., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., Jeppesen, L.L., & Olsen, T.S. (1996). Body temperature in acute stroke: Relation to stroke sever-ity, mortality, outcome and infarct size: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. The Lancet, 347, 422–425.
  • Reith, J., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, HO., & Olsen, T.S. (1997). Seizures in acute stroke. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke, 28, 1585–1589.
  • Scandinavian Stroke Study Group. (1985). Multicenter trial of hemodilution in ischemic stroke: Background and study protocol. Stroke, 16,885–890.
  • Skilbeck, C.E., Wade, D.T., Hewer, R.L., & Wood, V. (1983). Recovery after stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosur-gery, and Psychiatry, 46, 5–8.
  • Stern, P.H., McDowell, F., & Miller, J.M. (1970). Effects of facilitation exercise techniques in stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 71, 526–531.
  • Strand, T., Asplund, K., Eriksson, S., Flagg, E., Lithner, F., & Wester, P.O. (1985). A non-intensive stroke unit reduces functional disability and the need for long-term hospitaliza-tion. Stroke, 16, 29–34.
  • Toni, D., Sacchetti, M.L., Argentino, C., Gentile, M., Cavalletti, C., Frontoni, M., & Fieschi, C. (1992). Does hyperglycemia play a role on the outcome of acute ischemic stroke patients? J Neurol, 239, 382–386.
  • Wade, D.T., & Hewer, R.L. (1987). Functional abilities after stroke: Measurement, natural history, and prognosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 50, 177–182.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.