REFERENCES
- Moore RD, Wong WM, Keruly JC, McArthur JC. Incidence of neuropathy in HIV-infected patients on monotherapy versus those on combination therapy with didanosine, stavudine and hydroxyurea. AIDS. 2000;14(3):273–278.
- Kieburtz K, Simpson D, Yiannoutsos C, et al. A randomized trial of amitriptyline and mexiletine for painful neuropathy in HIV infection. AIDS Clinical Trial Group 242 Protocol Team. Neurology. 1998;51(6):1682–1688.
- Moyle GJ, Sadler M. Peripheral neuropathy with nucleo-side antiretrovirals: risk factors, incidence and manage-ment. Drug Sal. 1998;19(6):481–494.
- Brinkman K, ter Hofstede HJ, Burger DM, Smeitink JA, Koopmans PP. Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway. AIDS. 1998;12(14):1735–1744.
- Keilbaugh SA, Prusoff WH, Simpson MV. The PC12 cell as a model for studies of the mechanism of induction of peripheral neuropathy by anti-HIV-1 dideoxynucleoside analogs. Biochem PharmacoL 1991;42(1):R5–8.
- Lewis W, Dalakas MC. Mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs. Nat Med. 1995;1(5):417–422.
- Chen CH, Vazquez-Padua M, Cheng YC. Effect of anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analogs on mi-tochondrial DNA and its implication for delayed toxicity. Mol PharmacoL 1991;39(5):625–628.
- McCarthy BG, Hsieh ST, Stocks A, et al. Cutaneous inner-vation in sensory neuropathies: evaluation by skin biopsy. Neurology. 1995;45(10):1848–1855.
- Polydefkis M, Yiannoutsos CT, Cohen BA, et al. Reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density in HIV-associated sen-sory neuropathy. Neurology. 2002;58(1)1 15–119.
- Simpson DM, Dorfman D, Olney RK, et al. Peptide Tin the treatment of painful distal neuropathy associated with AIDS: results of a placebo-controlled trial. The Peptide T Neuropathy Study Group. Neurology. 1996;47(5)1 254–1259.
- Bremer J. The role of carnitine in intracellular metabolism. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990;28(5):297–301.
- Colucci WJ, Gandour RD. Carnitine acyltransferase: a re-view of its biology, enzymology and bioorganic chemistry. Bioorg Chem. 1988;16:307–334.
- Manfridi A, Forloni GL, Arrigoni-Martelli E, Mancia M. Cul-ture of dorsal root ganglion neurons from aged rats: effects of acetyl-L-carnitine and NGF. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1992;10(4):321–329.
- Taglialatela G, Angelucci L, Ramacci MT, Werrbach-Perez K, Jackson GR, Perez-Polo JR. Acetyl-L-carnitine en-hances the response of PC12 cells to nerve growth factor. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1991;59(2):221–230.
- Angelucci L, Ramacci MT, Taglialatela G, Hulsebosch C, Morgan B, Werrbach-Perez K, Perez-Polo R. Nerve growth factor binding in aged rat central nervous system: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine. J Neurosci Res. 1988;20(4):491–496.
- Fernandez E, Pallini R, Gangitano C, et al. Effects of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine and gangliosides on the regen-eration of the transected sciatic nerve in rats. Neurol Res. 1989;11(1):57–62.
- McKay Hart A, Wiberg M, Terenghi G. Pharmacological enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat by systemic acetyl-L-carnitine treatment. Neurosci Lett. 2002;334(3):181–185.
- Onofrj M, Fulgente T, Melchionda D, et al. L-Acetylcarnitine as a new therapeutic approach for peripheral neuropathies with pain. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1995;15:9–15.
- De Grandis D, Minardi C. Acetyl-L-carnitine (levacecarnine) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drugs Res Dev. 2002;3(4):223–231.
- Hart AM, Wilson AD, Montovani C, Smith C, Johnson M, Terenghi G, Youle M. Acetyl-l-carnitine: a pathogenesis based treatment for HIV-associated antiretroviral toxic neuropathy. AIDS. 2004;18(11):1549–1560.
- Kano M, Kawakami T, Hon H, Hashimoto Y, Tao Y, Ishikawa Y, Takenaka T. Effects of ALCAR on the fast axoplasmic transport in cultured sensory neurons of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurosci Res. 1999;33(3):207–213.
- Stevens MJ, Lattimer SA, Feldman EL, Helton ED, Millington DS, Sima AA, Greene DA. Acetyl-L-carnitine de-ficiency as a cause of altered nerve myo-inositol content, Na,K-ATPase activity, and motor conduction velocity in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Metabolism. 1996;45(7):865–872.
- De Grandis D, Santoro L, Di Benedetto P. L-Acetylcarnitine in the treatment of patients with peripheral neuropathies. Clin Drug Invest. 1995;10:317–322.
- Giammusso B, Morgia G, Spampinto A, Motta M. Im-proved pallesthetic sensitivity of pudendal nerve in impo-tent diabetic patients treated with acetyl-L-carnitine. Acta Urol Ital. 1996;10:185–187.
- Famularo G, Moretti S, Marcellini S, et al. Acetyl-carnitine deficiency in AIDS patients with neurotoxicity on treatment with antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. AIDS. 1997;11(2)1 85–190.
- Calvani M, Arrigoni-Martelli E. Attenuation by acetyl-L-carnitine of neurological damage and biochemical de-rangement following brain ischemia and reperfusion. Int J Tissue React. 1999;21(1):1–6.
- Tesco G, Latorraca S, Piersanti P, Piacentini S, Amaducci L, Sorbi S. Protection from oxygen radical damage in hu-man diploid fibroblasts by acetyl-L-carnitine. Dementia. 1992;3:58–60.
- Peluso G, Benatti P, Nicolai R, Reda E, Calvani M. Carnitine system and insuline resistance. In: Crepaldi G, Tiengo A, Del Prato S, eds. Insuline Resistance Metabolic Disease and Diabetic Complications. North Holland: Elsevier; 1998:259–274.
- Galantino ML, McReynolds MA. Physical therapy manage-ment of HIV disease: a retrospective study. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care. 1995;1(5):15–18.
- Sacky K, Shankle D, Hobbs J. Just sweat it out: physical therapy's role in the HIV pandemic. Res Initiat Treat Action. 1998;4(4):8–10.
- Gale J. Physiotherapy intervention in two people with HIV or AIDS-related peripheral neuropathy. Physiother Res Int 2003;8(4):200–209.
- Nicholas PK, Kemppainen JK, Holzemer WL, et al. Self-care management for neuropathy in HIV disease. AIDS Care. 2002;14(6):763–771.
- Rowe A, Mallon E, Rosenberger P, Barrett M, Walsh J, Bunker CB. Depletion of cutaneous peptidergic innervation in HIV-associated xerosis. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;112(3):284–289.
- Cohen JA, Miller L, Polish L. Orthostatic hypotension in human immunodeficiency virus infection may be the result of generalized autonomic nervous system dysfunction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1991;4(1):31–33.
- Shahmanesh M, Bradbeer CS, Edwards A, Smith SE. Auto-nomic dysfunction in patients with human immunodefi-ciency virus infection. Int J STD AIDS. 1991;2(6):419–423.
- Brinkman K, Smeitink JA, Romijn JA, Reiss P. Mitochon-drial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy. Lancet. 1999;354(9184):1112–1115.
- Mauss S. HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome. AIDS. 2000;14\(suppl 3):S197–207.