Mechanical Measures of Spasticity in Stroke

REFERENCES

• Meythaler JM, Guin-Renfroe S, Hadley MN. Continuously infused intrathecal baclofen for spastic/dystonic hemiplegia: A preliminary report. Am I Phys Med Rehabil. 1999; 78:247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien CF, Seeberger LC, Smith DB. Spasticity after stroke. Epidemiology and optimal treatment. Drugs Aging. 1996; 9:332–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakheit AM, Thilmann AF, Ward AB, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-con-trolled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botu-li num toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke. Stroke. 2000;31:2402–2406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhakta BB, Cozens JA, Chamberlain MA, Bamford JM. Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69: 217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellows Si, Ross HF, Thilmann AF. The limita-tions of the tendon jerk as a marker of patho-logical stretch reflex activity in human spas-ticity. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993; 56:531–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz RT, Rovai GP, Brait C, Rymer WZ. Objective quantification of spastic hyperto-nia: Correlation with clinical findings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73:339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney RE, Hunter IW. System identification of human joint dynamics. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1990;18:55–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsson E. Quantification of spasticity. In: Struppler A, Weindl A, eds. Electromyography and Evoked Potentials. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1985:84–91.
   Google Scholar
• Powers RK, Marder-Meyer J, Rymer WZ. Quantitative relations between hypertonia and stretch reflex threshold in spastic hemi-paresis. Ann Neurol. 1988;23:115–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toft E, Sinkjaer T, Espersen GT. Quantitation of the stretch reflex technical procedures and clinical applications. Acta Neurologica Scand. 1989;79:384–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lance JW. Pathophysiology of spasticity and clinical experience with baclofen. In: Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP, eds. Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control. Chicago: Year Book; 1980:185–203.
   Google Scholar
• Young RR, Shahani BT. Spasticity in spinal cord injury. In: Bloch RF, Basbaum M, eds. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1986:241–283.
   Google Scholar
• Ashworth B. Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner. 1964;192: 540–542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliabili-ty on a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67:206–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison SC, Abraham LD, Petersen CL. Reliability of the modified Ashworth scale in the assessment of plantarflexor muscle spas-ticity in patients with traumatic brain injury. Intl Rehabil Res. 1996;19:67–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas BM, Bergstrom E, Jamous A, Bennie A. The inter rater reliability of the original and of the modified Ashworth scale for the assess-ment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1996;34:560–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen JF, Sinkjaer T. A comparison of clini-cal and laboratory measures of spasticity. Multiple Sclerosis. 1996;1:296–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottlieb GL, Agarwal GC, Penn R. Sinusoidal oscillation of the ankle as a means of evalu-ating the spastic patient. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1978;41:32–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WA, Boughton A, Rymer WZ. Absence of stretch reflex gain enhancement in voluntarily activated spastic muscle. Exp Neurol. 1987; 98:317–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney RE, Stein RB, Parameswaran L. Identification of intrinsic and reflex contribu-tions to human ankle stiffness dynamics. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1997;44:493–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers RK, Campbell DL, Rymer WZ. Stretch reflex dynamics in spastic elbow flexor mus-cles. Ann Neurol. 1989;25:32–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thilmann AF, Fellows SJ, Garms E. The mech-anism of spastic muscle hypertonus: Variation in reflex gain over the time course of spastic-ity. Brain. 1991;114:233–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann JF, Price R, deLateur BJ, Hinderer S, Traynor C. Spasticity: Quantitative measure-ments as a basis for assessing effectiveness of therapeutic intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70:6–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb GL, Agarwal GC. Response to sud-den torques about ankle in man: Myotatic reflex. I Neurophysiol. 1979;42:91–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajd T, Vodovnik L. Pendulum testing of spas-ticity. I Biomed Eng. 1984;6:9–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin DC, Rymer WZ. A quantitative analysis of pendular motion of the lower leg in spastic human subjects. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1991;38:906–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter IW, Kearney RE. Dynamics of human ankle stiffness: Variation with mean ankle torque. I Biomech. 1982;15:747–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney RE, Hunter IW. Dynamics of human ankle stiffness: Variation with displacement amplitude. I Biomech. 1982;15(10):753–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang LQ, Rymer WZ. Simultaneous and nonlinear identification of mechanical and reflex properties of human elbow joint muscles. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1997;44:1192–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein RB, Hunter IW, Lafontaine SR, Jones LA. Analysis of short-latency reflexes in human elbow flexor muscles. I Neurophysiol. 1995; 73:1900–1911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rack PMH. Limitations of somatosensory feedback in control of posture and movement. In: Brooks VB, ed. The Handbook of Physiology. Section 1: The Nervous System. Vol. 2. Motor Control. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1981:229–256.
   Google Scholar
• Meinders M, Price R, Lehmann JF, Questad KA. The stretch reflex response in the normal and spastic ankle: Effect of ankle position. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seib TP, Price R, Reyes MR, Lehmann JF. The quantitative measurement of spasticity: Effect of cutaneous electrical stimulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:746–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price R, Bjornson KF, Lehmann JF, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM. Quantitative measurement of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33 (33):585–595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perreault EJ, Crago PE, Kirsch RF. Estimation of intrinsic and reflex contributions to muscle dynamics: A modeling study. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2000;47:1413–1421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmit BD, Dhaher Y, Dewald JPA, Rymer WZ. Reflex torque response to movement of the spastic elbow: Theoretical analyses and implications for quantification of spasticity. Ann Biomed Eng. 1999;27:815–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houk JC, Rymer WZ, Crago PE. Dependence of dynamic response of spindle receptors on muscle length and velocity. J Neurophysiol. 1981;46:143–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Given JD, Dewald JPA, Rymer WZ. Joint dependent passive stiffness in paretic and contralateral limbs of spastic patients with hemiparetic stroke. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59:271–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman R. The myotactic reflex clinico-phys-iological aspects of spasticity and contrac-ture. Brain. 1970;93:273–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hufschmidt A, Mauritz KH. Chronic transfor-mation of muscle in spasticity: A peripheral contribution to increased tone. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:676–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinkjaer T, Magnussen I. Passive, intrinsic and reflex-mediated stiffness in the ankle extensors of hemiparetic patients. Brain. 1994;117: 355–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rymer WZ, Katz RT. Mechanical quantifica-tion of spastic hypertonia. Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;8(3):455–463.
   Google Scholar
• Katz RT, Rymer WZ. Spastic hypertonia: Mechanisms and measurement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70:144–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rymer WZ, Katz RT. Mechanisms of spastic hypertonia. Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;8: 441–454.
   Google Scholar
• Schmit BD, Rymer WZ. Identification of static and dynamic components of reflex sensitivity in spastic elbow flexors using a muscle acti-vation model. 2001. Manuscript in review.
   Google Scholar
• Schmit BD, Dewald JPA, Rymer WZ. Stretch reflex adaptation in elbow flexors during repeated passive movements in unilateral brain-injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:269–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stam J, Tan KM. Tendon reflex variability and method of stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1987;67:463–467.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Olree KS, Park TS. Ankle spasticity and strength in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:42–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar