Vaporization Rate of Cesium from Molten Slag in a Plasma Melting Furnace for the Treatment of Simulated Low-Level Radioactive Wastes

References

• Y. NAKAYAMA, K. OBARA, Y. TSUJI, R. HAUN, and R. ESCHENBACH, “Cobalt and Cesium Volatility Test in Plasma Arc Centrifugal Treatment,” Proc. Int. Incineration Conf., Bellevue, Washington, May 8–12, 1995, p. 427 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• K. AKIYAMA, A. YAMANE, Y. HIGASHI, and T. NOURA, “Melting Test of Simulated Miscellaneous Solid Waste by Plasma Furnace,” Transactions, Fall Mtg., Okinawa, Japan, 1997, Vol. 3, p. 771, Atomic Energy Society of Japan (1997) (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• R. CHISHIRO, H. ITO, S. YAMAZAKI, N. TAKAHASHI, A. HAYASHI, and H. KOGO, “Plasma Melting System for Low-Level Radioactive Miscellaneous Solid Wastes— Real-Size Melting Test,” Transactions, Fall Mtg., Okinawa, Japan, 1997, Vol. 3, p. 773, Atomic Energy Society of Japan (1997)(in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• T. HIRABAYASHI, K. KANAZAWA, K. FUJIKI, K. YAMATE, and H. IKENOYA, “Application of Plasma— Induction-Hybrid Melter to the Research on Volume Reduction and Stabilization of Low Level Radioactive Solid Waste,” Proc. Int. Incineration and Thermal Treatment Tech. Conf., Salt Lake City, Utah, May 11–15, 1998, p. 261 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• N. MORIYAMA, S. DOJIRI, H. ONO, T. AIZU, M. TAKUMA, and T. NISHIKAWA, “Volume Reduction of Non-Combustible Radioactive Solid Wastes by Plasma Melting,” Waste Manage, 3, 539 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• R. F. SCHUMACHER, A. L. KIELPINSKI, D. F. BICK-FORD, C. A. Cicero, A. Applewhite-RAMSEY, T. L. Spatz, and J. C. Marra, “High-Temperature Vitrification of Low-Level Radioactive and Hazardous Wastes,” Proc. Int. Symp. Environmental Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–11, 1995, p. 461 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• G. R. HASSEL, R. M. GEIMER, G. L. LEATHERMAN, and J. M. WILSON, “Partitioning of Radionuclide Surrogate and RCRA Metals in the Plasma Hearth,” Proc. Int. Incineration Conf., Bellevue, Washington, May 8–12, 1995, p. 417 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• H. MASSIT, G. NAUD, R. ATABEK, and W. HOFFELNER, “Evaluation of the Plasma Arc Centrifugal Process for Radioactive Waste Treatment,” Proc. Int. Incineration Conf., Bellevue, Washington, May 8–12, 1995, p. 509 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• J. A. BATDOLF, R. M. GEIMER, G. R. HASSEL, and W. P. WOLFE, “Offgas Emissions from the Plasma Hearth Process,” Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater., 13, 1, 153 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• S. A. DMITRIYEV, S. V. STEFANOVSKY, I. A. KNYAZEV, and F. A. LIFANOV, “Characterization of Slag Product from Plasma Furnace for Unsorted Solid Radioactive Waste Treatment,” Proc. Material Research Society Symp., Vol. 353, p. 1323, Materials Research Society (1995).
   Google Scholar
• S. YASUI, K. ADACHI, and T. AMAKAWA, “Influence of Atmospheric Gases on the Treatment of Miscellaneous Solid Wastes by Plasma Melting,” Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Global Environment and Nuclear Energy Systems (GENES-2), Fukui, Japan, p. 485 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• S. YASUI and T. AMAKAWA, “Vaporization Behavior of Cs in Plasma Melting of Low Level Radioactive Solid Wastes,” Nucl. Fuel Cycle Envir., 6, 1, 91 (1999)(in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• S. YASUI, K. ADACHI, and T. AMAKAWA, “Effect of Waste Compositions on Vaporization Behavior of Cs in Plasma Melting Process of Simulated Low Level Radioactive Wastes,” Proc. Int. Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technical Conf., Salt Lake City, Utah, May 11–15, 1998, p. 703 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• S. YASUI, K. ADACHI, and T. AMAKAWA, “Vaporization Behavior of Cs in Plasma Melting of Simulated Low Level Miscellaneous Solid Wastes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 36, 5741 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. JAKOB, S. STUCKI, and R. P. W. J. STRUIS, “Complete Heavy Metal Removal from Fly Ash by Heat Treatment: Influence of Chlorides on Evaporation Rates,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 3275 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. JAKOB, S. STUCKI, and P. KUHN, “Evaporation of Heavy Metals During the Heat Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 2429 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. P. SPALDING, “Volatilization of Cesium-137 from Solid with Chloride Amendments During Heating and Vitrification,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 1116 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• T. FUKUTAKE, Y. TAKEDA, N. TSUCHIYA, and K. OKABE, “The Kinetics of Potassium Vaporization from the Slag in the Blast Furnace,” Australia/Japan Extractive Metallurgy Symp. 1980, Victoria, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 269 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• M. AMATATSU, V. STUTS, and H. W. GUDENAU, “Evaporation- and Absorption-Rate of Potassium Through Blast-Furnace Slag,” Trans. ISIJ, 25, 949 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• L. E. BAUMAN, D. L. MONTS, W. WANG, J. LIN, P. R. JANG, O. P. NORTON, J. A. ETHERIDGE, R. L. COOK, W. S. SHEPARD, and A. L. KIELPINSKI, “Emission Spectroscopy Studies of Volatile Species Produced by Plasma Arc Vitrification of a Mixed Waste Surrogate,” Proc. Int. Symp. Environmental Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–11, 1995, p. 505 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• E. T. TURKDOGAN, Physicochemical Properties of Molten Slags, p. 53, The Material Society, London (1983).
   Google Scholar
• M. KISHIMOTO, M. MAEDA, K. MORI, and Y. KAWAI, “Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat of Metallurgical Slags,” Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Metallurgical Slags and Fluxes, p. 891 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• S. YASUI and T. AMAKAWA, “Plasma Melting Test of Simulated Low Level Miscellaneous Solid Waste—Effect of Slag Composition on Migration Ratio of Cs (2)-,” Transactions, Fall Mtg., Aomori, Japan, 2000, Vol. 3, p. 618, Atomic Energy Society of Japan (2000) (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• “Database of Material Properties of Molten Iron and Slags,” p. 107,K. SAITO, Ed., Iron and Steel Institute of Japan (1972) (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• O. KNACKE and I. N. STRANSKI, “The Mechanism of Evaporation,” Prog. Met. Phys, 6, 181 (1965).
   Google Scholar