Hydrologic, Chemical, and Thermal Constraints on Water Availability inside Breached Waste Packages in the Yucca Mountain Repository

REFERENCES

• J. L. JERDEN, Jr., M. M. GOLDBERG, J. C. CUNNANE, T. H. BAUER, R. A. WIGELAND, and R. E. NIETERT, “Can Spent Nuclear Fuel Decay Heat Prevent Radionuclide Release?” Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 824, 101 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• I. N. NASSAR and R. HORTON, “Water Transport in Unsaturated Nonisothermal Salty Soil: II. Theoretical Development,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53, 1330 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. BEAR and A. GILMAN, “Migration of Salts in the Unsaturated Zone Caused by Heating,” Lett. Math. Phys., 19, 139 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• J. C. WALTON, “Effects of Evaporation and Solute Concentration on Presence and Composition of Water in and around the Waste Package at Yucca Mountain,” Waste Manage., 13, 293 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• J. C. WALTON, “Influence of Evaporation on Waste Package Environment and Radionuclide Release from a Tuff Repository,” Water Resour. Res., 30, 12, 3479 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. S. CAMPBELL, “A Simple Method for Determining Unsaturated Conductivity from Moisture Retention Data,” Soil Sci., 117, 6, 311 (1974).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. S. CAMPBELL and S. SHIOZAWA, “Prediction of Hydraulic Properties of Soils Using Particle-Size Distribution and Bulk Density Data,” Proc. Int. Workshop Indirect Methods for Estimating the Hydraulic Properties of Unsaturated Soils, Riverside, California, October 11–13, 1989, p. 317, M. Th. VAN GENUCHTEN, F. J. LEIJ, and L. J. LUND, Eds., U.S. Department of Agriculture (1992).
   Google Scholar
• F. A. L. DULLIEN, Porous Media: Fluid Transport and Pore Structure, 1st ed., Academic Press, San Diego, California (1979).
   Google Scholar
• J. W. BELTON, “The Surface Tensions of Ternary Solutions. Part I. The Surface Tensions of Aqueous Solutions of (A) Sodium and Potassium Chlorides, (B) Sodium Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid,” Faraday Soc., 31, 1413 (1935).
   Google Scholar
• N. MATUBAYASI, H. MATSUO, K. YAMAMOTO, S. YAMAGUCHI, and A. MATUZAWA, “Thermodynamic Quantities of Surface Formation of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions I. Aqueous Solutions of NaCl, MgCl2 and LaCl3,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 209, 398 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. I. PAPENDICK and G. S. CAMPBELL, “Theory and Measurement of Water Potential,”Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology, SSSA Special Publication No. 9, Chap. 1, p. 1, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin (1981).
   Google Scholar
• R. A. ROBINSON and R. H. STOKES, Electrolyte Solutions, The Measurement and Interpretation of Conductance, Chemical Potential and Diffusion in Solutions of Simple Electrolytes, 2nd ed. (Revised), Butterworth, Washington, D.C. (1965).
   Google Scholar
• R. F. HARRIS, “Effect of Water Potential on Microbial Growth and Activity,”Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology, SSSA Special Publication No. 9, Chap. 2, D. M. KRAL and M. K. COUSIN, Eds., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin (1985).
   Google Scholar
• B. A. KIMBALL, R. D. JACKSON, R. J. REGINATO, F. S. NAKAYAMA, and S. B. IDSO, “Comparison of Field-Measured and Calculated Soil–Heat Fluxes,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40, 18 (1976).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “In-Package Chemistry Abstraction,” ANL-EBS-MD-000037 REV 04, Bechtel SAIC Company (2005).
   Google Scholar
• T. J. WOLERY and R. L. JAREK, “EQ3/6, A Software Package for Geochemical Modeling of Aqueous Systems,” version 8.0, Bechtel SAIC STN, 10813–80-00, Bechtel SAIC Company (2003).
   Google Scholar
• H. SVERDRUP and P. WARFVINGE, “Weathering of Primary Silicate Minerals in the Natural Soil Environment in Relation to a ChemicalWeathering Model,”Water Air Soil Pollut., 38, 3–4, 387 (1988).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. KUECHLER and K. NOACK, “Comparison of the Solution Behaviour of a Pyrite-Calcite Mixture in Batch and Unsaturated Sand Column,” J. Contaminant Hydrol., 90, 203 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. R. LIDE, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 87th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (2006).
   Google Scholar
• P. DILLMANN, F. MAZAUDIER, and S. HOERLÉ, “Advances in Understanding Atmospheric Corrosion of Iron. I. Rust Characterisation of Ancient Ferrous Artifacts Exposed to Indoor Atmospheric Corrosion,” Corros. Sci., 46, 1401 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. A. FREEZE and J. A. CHERRY, Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1979).
   Google Scholar
• V. E. SCHROCK, S. T. REVANKAR, S. Y. LEE, and C.-H. WANG, “A Computational Model for Critical Flow Through Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracks,” NUREG/CR-5133, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1988).
   Google Scholar
• K. J. RUSCHAK, S. J. WEINSTEIN, and K. NG, “Developing Film Flow on an Inclined Plane with a Critical Point,” J. Fluids Eng., 123, 698 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. LIN, B. LESLIE, R. CODELL, H. ARLT, and T. AHN, “Potential Importance of Fluoride to Performance of the Drip Shield,” Proc. 10th Int. High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conf. (IHLRWM), Las Vegas, Nevada, March 30–April 2, 2003, American Nuclear Society (2003) (CD-ROM).
   Google Scholar
• D. M. KATZ, F. J. WATTS, and E. R. BURROUGHS, “Effects of Surface Roughness and Rainfall Impact on Overland Flow,” J. Hydraul. Eng., 121, 7, 546 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• S. V. ALEKSEENKO, D. M. MARKOVICH, V. E. NAKORYAKOV, and S. I. SHTORK, “Rivulet Flow of Liquid on the Outer Surface of an Inclined Cylinder,” J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., 38, 4, 649 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• T. G. MYERS, “Modeling Laminar Sheet Flow over Rough Surfaces,” Water Resour. Res., 38, 11, 12-1 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “General Corrosion and Localized Corrosion of Waste Package Outer Barrier,” ANL-EBS-MD-000003 REV 03, Sandia National Laboratories (2007).
   Google Scholar
• G. D. TOWELL and L. B. ROTHFELD, “Hydrodynamics of Rivulet Flow,” AIChE J., 12, 5, 972 (1966).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BSC (BECHTEL SAIC COMPANY), “IED Waste Package Decay Heat Generation Design Basis and Thermal Information [Sheet 1 of 1],” 800-IED-WIS0-00801-000-00A, Bechtel SAIC Company (2005).
   Google Scholar
• “Multiscale Thermohydrologic Model,” ANL-EBS-MD-000049 REV 04, Sandia National Laboratories (2007).
   Google Scholar
• “Waste Form and In-Drift Colloids-Associated Radionuclide Concentrations: Abstraction and Summary,” MDLEBS-PA-000004 REV03, Sandia National Laboratories (2007).
   Google Scholar
• P. SCHMUKI and M. LASO, “On the Stability of Rivulet Flow,” J. Fluid Mech., 215, 125 (1990).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. A. GHEZZEHEI, “Constraints for Flow Regimes on Smooth Fracture Surfaces,” Water Resour. Res., 40, 11, Art. No. W11503 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. J. BIKERMAN, “Sliding of Drops from Surfaces of Different Roughnesses,” J. Colloid Sci., 5, 4, 349 (1950).
   Google Scholar
• S. WOLFRAM, The Mathematica® Book, 5th ed., Wolfram Media, Inc. (2003).
   Google Scholar
• “CSNF Waste Form Degradation: Summary Abstraction,” ANL-EBS-MD-000015 REV 02, Bechtel SAIC Company (2004).
   Google Scholar
• B. D. HANSON, J. I. FRIESE, and C. Z. SODERQUIST, “Initial Results from Dissolution Testing of Spent Fuel Under Acidic Conditions,” Proc. Symp. Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXVIII, San Francisco, California, April 13–16, 2004, J. M. HANCHAR, S. STROES-GASCOYNE, and L. BROWNING, Eds., p. 113, Materials Research Society (2004).
   Google Scholar
• C. JÉGOU, S. PEUGET, V. BROUDIC, D. ROUDIL, X. DESCHANELS, and J. M. BART, “Identification of the Mechanism Limiting the Alteration of Clad Spent Fuel Segments in Aerated Carbonated Groundwater,” J. Nucl. Mater., 326, 144 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. W. SHOESMITH, “Fuel Corrosion Processes Under Waste Disposal Conditions,” AECL-12034, Whiteshell Laboratories (1999).
   Google Scholar
• D. W. SHOESMITH, “Fuel Corrosion Processes Under Waste Disposal Conditions,” J. Nucl. Mater., 282, 1 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. W. SHOESMITH and S. SUNDER, “The Prediction of Nuclear Fuel (UO2) Dissolution Rates Under Waste Disposal Conditions,” J. Nucl. Mater., 190, 20 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Defense HLW Glass Degradation Model,” ANL-EBSMD-000016 REV 02, Bechtel SAIC Company (2004).
   Google Scholar
• S. J. GORDON and P. V. BRADY, “In Situ Determination of Long-Term Basaltic Glass Dissolution in the Unsaturated Zone,” Chem. Geol., 190, 113 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. H. CHOI, I. S. AHN, Y. C. BAK, S. Y. BAE, S. J. HA, and H. J. JANG, “Preparation of High Porous Metal Filter Element for the Fail-Safety Function,” Powder Technol., 140, 98 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. I. CHERNYSHEV, “Analysis of the Hydraulic Properties of Permeable Materials with Bimodal Porosity,” Powder Metall. Metal Ceram., 44, 129 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. D. VIENNA, D. S. KIM, and P. HRMA, “Database and Interim Glass Property Models for Hanford HLW and LAW Glasses,” PNNL-14060, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (2002).
   Google Scholar