16
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

A new era for sepsis treatment? Understanding sepsis as a consequence of host immune response

&
Pages 181-192 | Published online: 25 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • ANGUS DC, LINDE-ZWIRBLE WT, LIDICKER J, CLERMONT G, CARCILLO J, PINSKY MR: Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Grit. Care Med. (2001) 29:1303–1310.
  • BERNARD GR, VINCENT JL, LATERREet al.: Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C for Severe Sepsis. New Engl. 1 Med. (2001) 344(10):699–709. demonstrating mortality benefit of recombinant APC.
  • BONE RC, BALK RA, CERRA FB etal.:Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. ACCP/SCCP consensus conference committee. Chest (1992) 101:1644–1655.
  • JANEWAY CA: The immune system evolved to discriminate infectious nonself from noninfectious self. hinnunal Today (1992) 13:11–16.
  • ADEREM A, ULEVITCH RJ: Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. Nature (2000) 406:782–787.
  • ••Review of the role of Toll-like receptors ininnate immunity and relationship to drosophila Toll.
  • RAETZ CR: Biochemistry of endotoxins. Ann. Rev Biachein. (1990) 59:129–170.
  • WRIGHT SD, RAMOS RA, TOBIAS PS, ULEVITCH RJ, MATHISON JC: CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Science (1990) 249:1431–1433.
  • POLTORAK A, HEX, AMIRNOVA I et al.: Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in T1r4 gene. Science (1998) 282:2085–2088.
  • QURESHI ST, LARIVIERE L, LEVEQUE G et al.: Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in Toll-like receptor 4.1 Exp. Med. (1999) 4:615–625.
  • BELVIN ME ANDERSON KV: A conserved signaling pathway: the Drosophila Toll-Dorsal pathway. Ann. Rev Cell Dev. Biol. (1996) 12:343–416.
  • MEDZHITOV R, PRESTON-HURLBUT E JANE WAY CA: A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals of adaptive immunity. Nature (1997) 388:394–397.
  • ANDERSON KV, JURGENS G, NUSSLEIN-VOLHARD C: Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo: genetic studies on the role of the Toll gene product. Cell (1985) 42:779–789.
  • LEMAITRE B, NICOLAS E, MICHAUT, REICHHART JM, HOFFMANN JA: The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzleffollicactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell (1996) 86:973–983.
  • WILLIAMS MJ, RODRIGUEZ A, KIMBRELL DA, ELDON ED: The 18-wheeler mutation reveals complex antibacterial gene regulation in Drosophila host defense. EMBO 1 (1997) 16:6120–6130.
  • IMLER JL, JOFFMANN JA: Signaling mechanisms in the antimicrobial host defense of Drosophila. Curr. Opin. Microbial (2000) 3:16–22.
  • SHIMAZU R, AKASHI S, OGATA-H et al.: MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4.1 Exp. Med. (1999) 189:1777–1782.
  • MEDZHITOV R, PRESTON P et al: MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll-IL1 receptor family signaling pathways. Mol Cell (1998) 2:253–258.
  • KAWAI T, ADACHI O, OGAWA T, TAKEDA K, AKIRA S: Unresponsiveness of MyD88-deficient mice to endotoxin. Immuniht (1999)11:115–122.
  • MUZIO M, NI J, FENG P, DIXIT VN: IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling. Science (1997) 278: 1612-1615.
  • LOMAGA MA, YEH WC, SAROSI I et al: TRAF6 deficiency results in osteopetrosis and defective interleukin-1, CD40, and LPS signaling. Genes Dev. (1999) 13:1015–1024.
  • TAKEUCHI O, HOSHINO K, KAWAI T, SANJO H, TAKADA H, OGAWA T: Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immuniht (1999) 11:443–451.
  • LIEN E, SELLATI TJ, YOSHIMURA A et al.: Toll-like receptor 2 functions as a pattern recognition receptor for diverse bacterial products. j Biol. Chem. (1999) 274:33419–33425.
  • HEINE H, KIRSCHNING CJ, LIEN E, MONKS BG, ROTHE M, GOLENBOCK DT: Cutting edge: cells that carry A null allele for toll-like receptor 1 are capable of responding to endotoxn. I Immuriol (1999) 162:6971–6975.
  • MUZIO M, NATOLI G, SACCANI S, LEVRERO M, MANTOVANI A: The human Toll signaling pathway: divergence of nuclear factor KB and JNK/SAPK activation upstream of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Exp. Med. (1998) 187:2097–2101.
  • SCHUMANN RR, PFEIL D, LAMPING N et al.: Lipopolysaccharide induces the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk-1 and p38 in cultured human vacular endothelial cells requiring the presence of soluble CD14. Blood (1996) 87:2805–2814.
  • NINOMIYA-TSUJI J, KISHIMOTO K, HIYAMA A et al: The kinase TAK1 can activate the NIK-1 KB as well as the MAP kinase cascade in the IL-1 signaling pathway. Nature (1999) 398:252–256.
  • MCCABE WR, JACKSON GG: Gram negative bacteremia. Arch. Intern. Med. (1962) 110:333–341.
  • ZEIGLER EJ, MCCUTCHAN JA, FIERER J et al.: Treatment of gram- bacteremia and shock with human anti-serum to a mutant Escherichia coll. New. J. Med. (1982) 307:1225–1230.
  • MCCLOSKEY RV, STRAUBE RC, SANDERS C, SMITH SM, SMITH CR: Treatment of septic shock with human monoclonal antibody HA-1A. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. CHESS Trial Study Group. Ann. Intern. Med. (1994) 121:1–5.
  • BONE RC, BALK RA, FEIN AM et al: Asecond large controlled clinical study of E5, a monoclonal antibody to endotoxin: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. The E5 Sepsis Study Group. Grit. Care Med. (1995) 23:994–1006.
  • PANACEK E, MACARTHUR R, JOHNSON S: Results of a Phase III clinical trial of the human monoclonal antibody MAB-T88 vs. placebo in gram negative sepsis. Grit. Care Med. (1995) 23(S):A293.
  • HELLMAN J, WARREN HS: Anti-endotoxin strategies. Infect. Dis. North Am. (1999) 13:371–386.
  • WEISS J, ELSBACH E OLSSON I, ODEBERG H: Purification and characterization of a potent bactericidal and membrane active protein from the granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biol. Chem. (1978) 8:2664–2672.
  • LEVIN M, QUINT PA, GOLDSTEIN B etal.: Recombinant bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) as adjunctive treatment for children with severe meningococcal sepsis: A randomized trial. Lancet (2000) 356:961–967.
  • HARDER J, BARTELS J, E, SCHRODER JM: A peptide antibiotic from human skin. Nature (1997) 387:861–862.
  • GANZ T, LEHRER RI: Antimicrobial peptides of vertebrates. Curt: Opiri. Immuri. (1998) 10:41–44.
  • BYSANI GK, SHENEP JL, HILDNER WK, STIDHAM GL, ROBERSON PK: Detoxification of plasma containing lipopolysaccharide by adsorption. Grit. Care Med. (1990) 18:67–71.
  • AOKI H, KODAMA M, TANI T, HANASAWA K: Treatment of sepsis by extracorporeal elimination of endotoxin using polymyxin B immobilized fibre. Am.. (1994) 167:412–417.
  • WASAN KM, STROBEL FW, TARROTT SC: Lipoprotein distribution of a novel endotoxin antagonist, E5531, in plasma human subjects with various lipid levels. Aritimicrob. Agents Chemo. (1999) 43(10):2565–2564.
  • GEERDES HF, ZIEGLER D, LODE H etal.: Septicemia in 980 patients at a university hospital in Berlin: Prospective studies during four selected years between 1979 and 1989. OM. Infect. Dis. (1992) 15:991–1002.
  • BONE RC: Gram positive organisms and sepsis. Arch. Intern Med. (1994) 154:26–34.
  • ANDERSSON J, NAGY S, BJORK L, ABRAMS J, HOLM S, ANDERSSON U: Bacterial toxin-induced cytokine production studied at the single-cell level. Itrimuriol. Rev (1992) 127:69–96.
  • SRISKANDAN S, COHEN J: Gram Positive sepsis. Infect. Dis. OM. Am. (1999) 2:397–412.
  • OPAL SM, COHEN J: Clinical Gram positive sepsis: Does it fundamentally differ from Gram negative bacerial sepsis? Grit. Care Med. (1999) 27(8):1608–1616.
  • ••Demonstrates the differences betweenGram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to anti-inflammatory therapy in sepsis.
  • HACK CE, AARDEN LA, THUS LG: Role of cytokines in sepsis. Adv. Immuriol (1997) 66:101–195.
  • ANNANE D: Corticosteroids for septic shock. Grit. Care Med. (2001) 29(7):5117–120.
  • ARONS MM, WHEELER AE BERNARD GR etal.: Effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of hypothermic sepsis. Grit. Care Med. (1999) 27(4):699–707.
  • PAJKRT D, VANDERPOLL T, LEVI M, CUTLER DL, AFFRIME MB, VANDERENDE A: Interleukin-10 inhibits cativation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia. Blood (1997) 89(8):2701–2705.
  • LEFERING R, NEUGEBAUER EA: Steroid controversy in sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis. Grit. Care Med. (1995) 23:1294–303.
  • ZENI E FREEMAN B, NATANSON C: Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis and septic shock: a reassessment. Grit. Care Med. (1997) 25:1095–1100.
  • ANNANE D: Corticosteroids for septic shock. Grit. Care Med. (2001) 29(57):117–120.
  • SEWNATH ME, OLSZYNA DP, BIRJMOHUN R etal.: IL-10-deficient mice demonstrate multiple organ failure increased mortality during Eche/1MM coil peritonitis despite an accelerated bacterial clearance. J. Immuria (2001) 166:6323–6331.
  • CASEY LC, BALK RA, BONE RC: Plasma and endotoxin levels correlate with survival in patients with the sepsis syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. (1993) 119:771–778.
  • ABRAHAM E, WUNDERINK R, SILVERMAN H, PERL TM, NASRAWAY S, LEVY H: Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor a in patients with sepsis syndrome: A randomized, controlled, double blind, multicenter clinical trial. JAMA (1995) 273:934–941.
  • COHEN J, CARLET J, THE INTERSEPT STUDY GROUP: INTERSEPT: An international, multicenter, placebo controlled trial of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor a in patients with sepsis. Grit. Care Med. (1996) 24:1431–1440.
  • ABRAHAM E, ANZUETO A, GUTIERREZ G et al.: Double blind randomized controlled trial of monoclonal antibody to human tumour necrosis factor in treatment of septic shock. Lancet (1998) 351:929–933.
  • REINHART K, MEGNES T, GARDLUND B et al.: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody fragment afelimomab in hyperinflammatory response during severe sepsis: The RAMSES study. Grit. Care Med. (2001) 29:765–769.
  • PANACEK EA, MARSHALL J, FISCHKOFF S: Neutralization of TNF by a monoclonal antibody improves survival and reduces organ dysfunction in human sepsis: Results of the MONARCS trial. Abstract. Chest (2000) 118(5):88S.
  • PANACEK EA: Biological effect of afelimomab on serum IL-6 and TNF concentrations. Abstract. Intensive Care Med. (2000) 26(53):5283.
  • OPAL SM, FISHER CJ, DHAINAUT JF et al.: Confirmatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist trail in severe sepsis: A Phase III, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Grit. Care Med. (1997) 25:1115–1124.
  • DHAINAUT JF,TENAILLON A, TULZO YP et al.: Platelet activating factor receptor antagonist BN52021 in the treatment of severe sepsis: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled, multicenter clinical. Grit. Care Med. (1994) 22:1720–1728.
  • DHAINAUT JF, TENAILLON A, HEMMER M etal.: Confirmatory platelet activating factor receptor antagonist trial in patients with severe Gram negative bacterial sepsis: a Phase III, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, multicenter trial. Grit. Care Med. (1998) 26:1964–1971.
  • FINK MP: Therapeutic options directed against platelet activating factor, eicosanoids and bradykinin in sepsis. _J. Antimicrob. Chemo. (1998) 41(SA):81–94.
  • FISHER CJ, YAN SB: Protein C levels as a prognostic indicator of outcome in sepsis and related diseases. Grit. Care Med. (2000) 28:S49–55.
  • FOURRIER F, CHOPIN C, GOUDEMAND J et al.: Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation: Compared patterns of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S deficiencies. Chest (1992) 101:816–823.
  • WARREN BL, EID A, SINGER P et al.: High-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2001) 286(15):1869–1878.
  • ESMON CT: Protein C anticoagulant pathway and its role in controlling microvascular thrombosis and inflammation. Grit. Care Med. (2001) 29(7):548–51.
  • ••Discussion of the complex role of APC insepsis therapy, not limited to anticoagulation effects.
  • HACK CE, ZEERLEDER S: The endothelium in sepsis: Source of and a target for inflammation. Grit. Care Med. (2001) 29(7):521–27.
  • GRINNELL BW, JOYCE D: Recombinant human activated protein C: A system modulator of vascular function for treatment of severe sepsis. Grit. Care Med. (2001) 29(7):553–60.
  • CREASEY AA, REINHART K: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor activity in severe sepsis. Grit. Care Med. (2001) 29(7):5126–129.
  • GROVER R, LOPEZ A, LORENTE J etal.: Multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled double blind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: Effect on survival in patients with septic shock. Grit. Care Med. (1999) 27(S1):A33.
  • DEVITT A, MOFFATT OD, RAYKUNDALIA C, CAPRA JD, SIMMONS DL, GREGORY CD: Human14 mediates recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Nature (1998) 392:505–509.
  • GREGORY CD: CD14-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells: relevance to the immune system. Curr. Opin. Immunol. (2000) 12:27–34.
  • OBERHOLZER A, OBERHOLZER C, MINTER RM, MOLDAWER LL: Considering immunomodulatory therapies in the septic patient: should apoptosis be a potential therapeutic target? hum Let. (2001) 75:221–224.
  • PAPATHANASSOGLOU EDE, MOYNIHAN JA, ACKERMAN MH: Does programmed cell death (apoptosis) play a role in the development of multiple organ dysfunction in critically ill patients? A review and a theoretical framework. Grit. Care Med. (2000) 29(2):537–549.
  • HOTCHKISS RS, CHONY KC, TINSLEY KW, SWANSON PE, HUI JJ, KLENDER P: Caspase inhibitors improve survival in sepsis: a critical role fo the lymphocyte. Nat. Immuria (2000) 1(6):496–501.
  • CORY S, VAUX DL, STRASSER A, HARRIS AW, ADAMS JM: Insights from Bc1-7 and Myc: malignancy involves abrogation of apoptosis as well as sustained proliferation. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:1685-1692S.
  • MATUTE-BELLO G, LILES WC, RADELLA F et al: Neutrophil apoptosis in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Respic Grit. Care Med. (1997) 156:1969–1977.
  • AGSHAR SS, PASCH MC: Therapeutic inhibition of the complement system. Front. Biosci. (2000) 5:E63–81.
  • HACK CE, OGILVIE AC, EISELE B, ERENBERG AJ, WAGSTAFF J, THUS LG: Cl-inhibitor substitution therapy in septic shock and in vascular leak syndrome induced by high doses of interleukin-2. Intensive Care Med. (1993) 19:S19–28.
  • HUBER-LANG MS, SARMA JV, MCGUIRE SR etal. Protective effects of anti-05a peptide antibodies in experimental sepsis. FASEB J. (2001) 15:568–570.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.