7
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research

Section Review Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Mechanisms of apoptosis as drug targets in the central nervous system

, , &
Pages 345-366 | Published online: 29 Feb 2008

References to Primary Literature

  • ORRENIUS S: Apoptosis: molecular mechanisms and implications for human disease. J. Intern. Med. (1995) 237(6):529–536. Overview of the role of apoptosis in human disease including neurodegenerative disorders.
  • VAUX DL: Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of physiological cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90(3):786–789.
  • FtAFF MC: Social controls on cell survival and cell death.Nature (1992) 356(6368):397–400.
  • ALLSOPP TE, WYAIT S, PATERSON HF, DAVIES AM: Theproto-oncogene bcl-2 can selectively rescue neurotro-phic factor- dependent neurons from apoptosis. Cell (1993) 73(2):295–307.
  • KUMAR S: ICE-like proteases in apoptosis. Trends BioChem. Sci. (1995) 20(5):198–202. An informative review discussing ICE, its homologues and other members of the cysteine protease family. It also suggests possible apoptotic pathways.
  • HOCKENBERY D: Defining apoptosis. Am.J. Pathol. (1995) 146(1):16–19.
  • WYLLIE All: The genetic regulation of apoptosis. Carr. Opin. Genet. Dev. (1995) 5(1):97–104.
  • WYLLIE AH, ARENDS MJ, MORRIS RG, WALKER SW, EVAN G: The apoptosis endonuclease and its regulation. Semin. Immunol. (1992) 4(6):389–397.
  • DOWD DR: Calcium regulation of apoptosis. Adv. Second Messenger Phospboprotetn Res. (1995) 30:255–280.
  • RAB1ZADEH S, OH J, ZHONG L, YANG J, BITLER C, BUTCHER LL, BREDESEN DE: Induction of apoptosis by the low affinity NGF receptor. Science (1993) 261:345–358.
  • SMIT1I CA, FARRAH T, GOODWIN RG: The TNF receptor superfainily of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation, and death. Cell (1994) 76:959-962. A mini-review which clearly describes the TNF receptor superfamily.
  • RABIZADEH S, IIREDESEN DE: Is p75NGFR involved in developmental neural cell death? Dev. Neurosci. (1994) 16(3-4): 207–211.
  • VERDI J M, BIRREN SJ, MANEZ CF, PERSSON H, KAPLANDR, BENEDETTI M, CHAO MV, ANDERSON DJ: p75LNGFR regulates Trk signal transduction and NGF-induced neuronal differentiation in MAR cells. Neuron (1994) 12(4):733–745.
  • LOEB DM, MARAGOS J, MARTIN-ZANCA D, CHAO MV, PARADA LF, GREENE LA: The trk proto-oncogene rescues NGF responsiveness in mutant NGF non-responsive PC12 cell lines. Cell (1991) 66:961–966.
  • LORIGADOS L, SODERSTROM 5, EBENDAL T: Two-site enzyme immunoassay for beta NGF applied to human patient sera. J. Neurosci. Res. (1992) 32(3):329–339.
  • RABIZADEH S, HITLER CM, BUTCHER LL, BREDESEN DE: Expression of the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor enhances beta-amyloid peptide toxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91(22):10703–10706.
  • BEHL C, DAVIS JB, LESLEY R, SCHUBERT D: Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity. Cell (1994) 77(6):817–827.
  • TARTAGLIA LA, WEBER RF, FIGARI IS, REYNOLDS C, PAL-LADINO MA, JR., GOEDDEL DV: The two different recep-tors for tumor necrosis factor mediate distinct cellular responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. WA 88(20):9292–9296.
  • NAGATA S, GOLSTEIN P: The Pas death factor. Science (1995) 267(5203):1449–1456. A review which concentrates on the cell death promoting activity of the Fas ligand receptor interaction. Pathological conditions resulting from mutations of these proteins are also discussed.
  • TARTAGLIA LA, AYRES TM, WONG GH, GOEDDEL DV: A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death. Cell (1993) 74(5):845–853.
  • GOLSTEIN P, MARGUET D, DEPRAETERE V: Homology between reaper and the cell death domains of Fas and TNER1. Cell (1995) 81:185–186.
  • WHITE K, GRETHER ME, ABRAMS JM, YOUNG L, FARRELL K, STELLER H: Genetic control of programmed cell death in Drosophila [see comments]. Science (1994) 264(5159):677–683.
  • DARNAY BG, REDDY SA, AGGARWAL BB: Identification of a protein kinase associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the p60 tumor necrosis factor receptor. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269(32):20299–20304.
  • EISCHEN CM, DICK CJ, LEIBSON PJ: Tyrosine kinase activation provides an early and requisite signal for Fas-induced apoptosis. J. Immunol. (1994) 153(5)1947–1954.
  • HANNUN YA, OBEID LM: Ceramide: an intracellularsignal for apoptosis. Trends Biocbem. Sci. (1995) 20(2):73–77.
  • CIFONE MG, DE MARIA R, RONCAIOLI P, RIPPO MR, AZUMA M, LANIER LL, SANTONI A, TESTI R: Apoptotic signaling through CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) activates an acidic sphingomyelinase. Exp. Med. (1994) 180(4):1547–1552.
  • TEWARI M, DIXIT VM: Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-in-duced apoptosis is inhibited by the poxvirus crtnA gene product. J. Biol. Chem, (1995) 270(7):3255–3260.
  • HSU H, XIONG J, GOEDDEL DV: The TNF receptor 1-as-sociated protein TRADD signals cell death and NE-kappa B activation. Cell (1995) 81(4):495–504. One of a clutch of papers describing the cloning of TNF receptor associated proteins.
  • STANGER BZ, LEDER P, LEE TII, KIM E, SEED B: RIP: A novel protein containing a death domain that interacts with Fas/APO-1 (CD95) in yeast and causes cell death. Cell (1995) 81(4):513–523. One of a clutch of papers describing the cloning of TNF receptor associated proteins.
  • BOKA G, ANGLADE P, WALLACH D, JAVOY-AGID F, AGIDY, HIRSCH EC: Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lea. (1994) 172(1-2):151–154.
  • MOGI M, HARADA M, RIEDERER P, NARABAYASHI H, FUJITA K, NAGATSU T: Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from Parkinsonian patients. Neurosci. Lett. (1994) 165(1-2):208–210.
  • FILLIT H, DING WH, BURR L, KALMAN J, ALTSTIEL L,LAWLOR B, WOLF-MEIN G: Elevated circulating tumor necrosis factor levels in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. (1991) 129(2):318–320.
  • MEDA L, CASSATELLA MA, SZENDREI GI, OTVOS L JR, BARON P, VILLALBA M, FERRARI D, ROSSI F: Activation of microglial cells by beta-amyloid protein and interferon-gamma. Nature (1995) 374(6523):647–650.
  • SELMAJ K, RAINE CS, FAROOQ M, NORTON WT, BROSNAN CF: Cytokine cytotoxicity against oligodendrocytes. Apoptosis induced by lymphotoxin. J. Immunol. (1991) 147(5):1522–1529.
  • CHINNAIYAN AM, O'ROURKE K, TEWARI M, DIXTT VM: FADD, a novel death domain-containing protein, inter-acts with the death domain of Fas and initiates apop-tosis. Cell (1995) 81(4):505–512. One of a clutch of papers describing the cloning of TNF receptor associated proteins.
  • LOS M, VAN DE CRAEN M, PENNING LC, SCHENK H, WESTENDORP M, BAEUERLE PA, DROGE W, KRAMMERPH, HERS W, SCHULZE-OSTHOFF K: Requirement of an ICE/CED-3 protease for Fas/AP0-1-mediated apoptosis. Nature (1995) 375(6526):81–83. This paper presents evidence that the apoptotic activity of the Fas system is mediated by the ICE cysteine protease.
  • TAKAYAMA 5, SATO T, KRAJEWSKI 5, KOCHEL K, IRIE S, MILLAN JA, REED JC: Cloning and functional analysis of BAG-1: A novel Bc1-2 binding protein with anti-cell death activity. Cell (1995) 80:279–284.
  • ITOH N, TSUJIMOTO Y, NAGATA 5: Effect of bc1-2 on Fas antigen-mediated cell death. J. Immunol. (1993) 151(2):621–627.
  • MATSUYAMA T, HATA R, TAGAYA M, YAMAMOTO Y, NAKAJIMA T, FURUYAMA J, WANAKA A, SUGITA M: Fos antigen mRNA induction in postischemic murine brain. Brain Res. (1994) 657(1–2):342-346.
  • ELLIS RE, YUAN J, HORVITZ HR: Mechanisms and functions of cell death. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. (1991) 7:663–698.
  • YUAN J, SHAHAM S, LEDOUX S, ELLIS HM, HORVITZ HR: The C. elegans cell death gene CED-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Cell (1993) 75:641–652.
  • GAGLIARDI V, FEF(NANDEZ P, LEE RKK, DREXLER HCA, ROTELLO RJ, FISHMAN MC, YUAN JY: Prevention of vertebrate neuronal death by the crmA gene. Science (1994) 263:826–828.
  • FERNANDES-ALNEMRI T, LITWACK G, ALNEMRI ES: CPP32,a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabaitis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269(49):30761–30764.
  • FERNANDES-ALNEMRI T, LITWACK G, ALNEMRI ES: Mch2,a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/ICE cysteine protease gene family. Cancer Res. (1995) 55(13):2737–2742.
  • FERNANDES-ALNEMRI T, TAKAHASHI A, ARMSTRONG R, KREBS J, FRITZ L, TOMASELLI KJ, WANG L, YU Z, CROCE CM, SALVESON G, EARNSHAW WC, LITWACK G, ALNEMRI ES: MCH3, a novel human apoptotic cystein protease highly related to CPP32. Cancer Res. (1995) 55(24):6045–6052. Indicative of direction future research will head in pursuit of detailed interactions between ICE protease family members.
  • FAUCHEU C, DIU A, CHAN AW, BLANCHET AM, MIOSSEC C, HEAVE F, COLLARD-DUTIILFUL V, GU Y, ALDAPE RA, LIPPKE JA et aL: A novel human protease similar to the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme induces apop-tosis in transfected cells. EIVIBO J (1995) 14(91:1914–1922.
  • AMENS J, PASKIND M, HUGUNIN M, TALANIAN RV, ALLEN H, BANACH D, BUMP N., HACKETT M, JOHNSTON CG, LI P, MANKOVICH JA, TERRANOVA M, GHAYUR T: Identification and characterization of Ich-2, a novel member of the interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme family of cystein proteases. J. Biol. Chem. (1995) 270(25):15250–15256.
  • KUMAR S, KINOSHITA M, NODA M, COPELAND NG, JENKINS NA: Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorbabdit is elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1 beta-converting enzyme. Genes Dev. (1994) 8(14):1613–1626.
  • MUNDAY NA, VAILLANCOURT JP, ALT A, CASANO FJ, MILLER DK, MOLINEAUX SM, YAMIN TT, YU VL, NICHOL-SON DW: Molecular cloning and pro-apoptotic activity of ICErelll and ICErellll, members of the ICE/CED-3 family of cysteine proteases. J. Biol. Chem. (1995) 270(261:15870–15876.
  • TEWARI M, QUAN LT, O'ROURKE K, DESNOYERS S, ZENGZ, BEIDLER DR, POIRIER GG, SALVESEN GS, DI VM: Yama/CPP32 beta, a mammalian homolog of CED-3, is a CrmA-Inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Cell (1995) 81(5):801–809.
  • WANG L, MIURA M, BERGERON L, ZHU H, YUAN J: Ich-1,an ICE/ced-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell. (1994) 78:739–750.
  • KUIDA K, LIPPICE JA, KU G, HARDING MW, LIVINGSTONDJ, SU MS, FLAVELL RA: Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1 beta-con-verting enzyme. Science (1995) 267: 2000-2003.
  • NICHOLSON DW, ALI A, THORNBERRY NA, VAILLAN COURT JP, DING CK, GALLANT M, GAREAU Y, GRIFFIN PR, LABELLE M, LAZEBNIK YA et al.: Identification and inhi-bition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mam-malian apoptosis [see comments]. Nature (1995) 376(65351:37-43. First description of pharmaceutical development of ICE protease inhibitors.
  • BREDESEN DE: Neural apoptosis. Ann. Neurol. (1995) 38(61:839-851. Good review of apoptotic mechanisms in the nervous system.
  • MILLIGAN CE, PREVE'rTE 0, YAGINUMA II, HOMM S, CARDWELL C, FRITZ LC, TOMASELLI KJ, OPPENHEIM RW, SCHWARTZ LM: Peptide inhibitors of the ICE protease family arrest programmed cell death of motoneurons in vivo and in vitro. Neuron (1995) 15:385–393.
  • KUMAR S, HARVERY NL: Role of multiple cellular pro-teases in the execution of programmed cell death. FEBS Lett. (1995) 375:169-173. Presents one conceptual framework for looking at ICE protease family interactions.
  • BAKHSHI A, JENSEN JP, GOLDMAN P, WRIGHT JJ, MCBRIDE WW, EPSTEIN AL, KORSMEYER A: Cloning the chromosomal breakpoint of tt(14;18) human lym-phomas: clustering around JH on chromosome 14 and near a transcriptional unit on 18. Cell (1985) 41:899–906.
  • CLEARY ML, SKLAR J: Nucleotide sequence of a t(14;18) chromosomal breakpoint in follicular lymphoma and demonstration of a breakpoint cluster region near a transcriptionally active locus on chromosome 18. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1985) 82:7439–7443.
  • TSUJIMOTO Y, GORHAM J, COSSMAN J, JAFFE E, CROCECM: The t(14;18) translocation involved in B-cell neo-plasms result from mistakes in VDJ joining. Science (1985) 229:1390–1333.
  • VAUX DL, CORY S, ADAMS JM: Bc1-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature (1988) 335:440–442.
  • HENGARTNER MO, ELLIS RE, HORVITZ HR: Caenorbabdi-tis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature. (1992) 356:494–499.
  • BOISE LH, GONZALEZ-GARCIA M, POSTEMA CE, DING L,LINDSTEN T, TURKA LA, MAO X, NUNEZ G, THOMPSON CB: bcl-x, a bc1-2-related gene that functions as a domi-nant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell (1993) 74:597–608.
  • CHITTENDEN T, HARRINGTON EA, O'CONNOR R, FLEMINGTON C, LUTZ RJ, EVAN GI, GUILD BC: Induction of apoptosis by the Bc1-2 homologue Bak. Nature (1995) 374:733–736.
  • FARROW SN, WHITE JHM, MARTINOU I, RAVEN T, PUN K,GRINHAM CJ, MARTINOU JC, BROWN R: Cloning of a lbc1-2 homologue by interaction with adenovirus ElB 19K. Nature (1995) 374:731–733.
  • KIEFER MC, BRAUER MJ, POWERS VC, WU JJ, UMANSKYSR, TOMEI LD, BARR PJ: Modulation of apoptosis by the widely distributed Bc1-2 homologue Bak. Nature (1995) 374(6524):736–739.
  • KOZOPAS KM, YANG T, BUCHAN ILL, ZHOU P, CRAIG RW:MCL-1, a gene expressed in programmed myeloid cell differentiation has sequence similarity to Bc1-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. (1993) 90:3516–3520.
  • OLTVAI ZN, MILLIMAN CL, KORSMEYER SJ: Bel-2 heterodi-merizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programed cell death. Cell (1993) 74:609–619.
  • YANG E, ZHA J, JOCKEL J, BOISE LH, THOMPSON CB, KORSMEYER SJ: Bad, a Heterodhneric Partner for Bc1-xL and Bc1-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell (1995) 80:285–291.
  • LIN EY, ORLOFSKY A, BERGER MS, PRYSTOWSKY MB: Characterization of Al, a novel hemopoietic-specific early-response gene with sequence similarity to Bc1-2. J. Immunol. (1988) 151:1979–1988.
  • YIN XM, OLTVAL ZN, KORSMEYER SJ: BH1 and BH2 domains of Bc1-2 are required for inhibition of apop-tosis and heterodimerization with Bax. Nature (1994) 369(6478):321–323.
  • KRAJEWSKI K, TANAKA S, TAKAYAMA S, SCHIBLER MG, FENTON W, REED JC: Investigation of the subcellular distribution of the bc1-2 oncoproteim Residence in the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic retkulum, and outer mitochondrial membranes. Cancer Res. (1993) 53:4701–4714.
  • HOCKENBERY DM, OLTVAI ZN, YIN XM, MILLIMAN CL, KORSMEYER SJ: Bc1-2 functions in an antioxidant path-way to prevent apoptosis. Cell (1993) 75(2):241–251.
  • KANE DJ, SARAFIAN TA, ANTON R, HAHN H, GRALLA EB,VANLENTINCE JS, ORD T, BREDESEN DE: Bc1-2 inhibition of neural death: decreased generation of reactive oxy-gen species. Science. (1993) 262:1274–1277.
  • CRAIG RW: The BcI-2 gene family. Sem. CancerBiol. (1995)6:35–43.
  • DAVIES AM: The Bc1-2 family of proteins, and the regulation of neuronal survival Trends Neurosci. (1995) 18(8):355–358. Good introduction to Bc1-2 area with emphasis on nervous system.
  • GARCIA I, MARTINOU I, TSUJIMOTO Y, MARTINOU JC: Prevention of programmed cell death of sympathetic neurons by the bc1-2 proto-oncogene. Science (1992) 258:302–304.
  • MARTINOU JC, DUBOIS-DAUPHIN M, STAPLE JK, RO-DRIGUEZ I, FRANKOWSKY J, MISSOTTEN M, ALBERTINI P, TALABOT D, CATSICAS S, PIETRA C, HUARTE J: Overex-pression of bc1-2 In transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occurring cell death and experimental ischemia. Neuron (1994) 13:1–20.
  • VEIS DJ, SORENSON CM, SHUTTER JR, DORSMEYER SJ:Bc1-2 deficient mice demonstrate fuhninant lymphoid apoptosis, polycystic kidneys, and hypopigmented hair. Cell (1993) 75:229–240.
  • MOTOYAMA N, WANG F, ROTH KS, SAWA H, KAKAYAMARI, NAKAYAMA K, NEGISHI I, SENJU S, ZHANG Q, FUJII S, LOH DY: Massive cell death of immature hematopoietic cells and neurons in Bc1-x-deficient mice. Science (1995) 267:1506–1510.
  • KRAJEWSKI S, MAI JK, KRAJEWSKA M, SIKORSKA M, MOSSAKOWSKI MJ, REED JC: Upregulation of bax proteinlevels in neurons following cerebral ischemia. J. Neuro-sci. (1995) 15(10):6364–6376. Well-controlled study implicating the bc1-2 family in global ischemia
  • WYLLIE AH: Glucocorticold-induced thymocyte apop-tosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease acti-vation. Nature (1980) 284 (5756):555–556 .
  • TOMEI LD, SHAPIRO JP, COPE FO: Apoptosis in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryonic cells: evidence for inter-nucleosomal DNA modification in the absence of dou-ble-strand cleavage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Set. USA (1993) 90(3):853–857.
  • BARRY MA, EASTMAN A: Identification of deoxyribonu-clease II as an endonuclease involved In apoptosis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1993) 300(1):440–450.
  • UCKER DS, OBERMILLER PS, ECKHART W, APGAR JR, BERGER NA, MEYERS J: Genome digestion is a dispensa-ble consequence of physiological cell death mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1992) 12(7):3060–3069.
  • CARON-LESLIE LM, SCIIWARTZMAN RA, GAIDO ML, COMPTON MM, CIDLOWSKI JA: Identification and char-acterization of glucocorticoid-regulated nudease(s) in lymphoid cells undergoing apoptosis. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1991) 40(4-6):661–671.
  • PEITSCH MC, B. POLZAR B, H. STEPHAN H, T. CROMPTONT, MACDONALD HR, MANNHERZ HG, TSCHOPP J: Char-acterization of the endogenous deoxyribonuclease in-volved in nuclear DNA degradation during apoptosis (programmed cell death). EMBO J. (1993) 12(1):371–377.
  • OBERHAMMER F, WILSON jw, DIVE C, MORRIS ID, HICK-MAN JA, WAKELING AE, WALKER PR, SIKORSKA M: Apop-totic death in epithelial cells: cleavage of DNA to 300 and/or 50 kb fragments prior to or in the absence of internucleosomal fragmentation. EMBO J. (1993) 12(9):3679–3684.
  • FILIPSKI J, LEBLANC J, YOUDALE T, SIKORSKA M, WALKERPR: Periodicity of DNA folding in higher order chroma-tin structures. EMBOJ (1990) 9(4):1319–1327.
  • TIIOMPSON CB: Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science (1995) 267:1456–1462.
  • STELLER H: Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide.Science (1995) 267:1445–1449.
  • DRAGUNOW M, PRESTON K: The role of inducibk transscription factors in apoptotic nerve cell death. BrainRes. Rev. (1995) 21:1-28. A review of apoptosis and anti-apoptotic genes and the role of transcription factors in nerve cell death
  • LO AC, HOUENOU LJ, OPPENHEIM RW: Apoptosis lathe nervous system: morphological features, methods, pa-thology, and prevention. Arch. Histol. Cytol. (1995) 58(2):139–149.
  • ESTEVEZ AG, RADI R, BARBEITO L, SHIN JT, THOMPSONJA, BECKMAN JS: Peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells: evidence for an apoptotic mechanism dif-ferentially modulated by neurotrophic factors. J. Neuro-chem. (1995) 65:1543–1550.
  • CHOI DW: Cerebral hypoxia: some new approaches and unanswered questions. J. Neurosci. (1990) 10:2493–2501.
  • SIMS NR, ZAIDAN E: Biochemical changes associated with selective neuronal death following short-term cerebral ischemia. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. (1995) 27(6):531–550.
  • COYLE JT, PUTFFARCKEN P: Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science (1993) 262:689–695.
  • LINNIK MD, ZOBRIST RH, HATFIELD MD: Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke (1993) 24:2002-2009. Pivotal early paper assessing the role of apoptosis in focal ischemia
  • MACMANUS JP, BUCHAN AM, HILL IE, RASQUINHA I, PRESTON E: Global ischemia can cause DNA fragmenta-tion indicative of apoptosis in rat brain. Neuroscience Lett. (1993) 164(1-2):89–92.
  • OKAMOTO M, MATSUMOTO M, ONTSUKI T, TAGUICHI A,M1KOSHITA K, YANAGIHARA T, KAMADA T: Internu-cleosomal DNA cleavage involved in ischemia-induced neuronal death. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) 196(3):1356–1362.
  • KURE S, TOMINAGA T, YOSIIIMOTO T, TADA K, NARI-SAWA K: Glutamate triggers internucleosomal DNA cleavage in neuronal cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com-mun. (1991) 179(1):39–45.
  • DESSI F, CHARRIAUT-MARLANGUE C, KEIRESTCHATISICY M, BEN-ARTY: Glutamate-induced neuronal death is not a programmed cell death in cerebellar culture. J. Neuro-chem. (1993) 60(5)1953–1955.
  • CHOI DW, KOH K, DEMARO JA, YING HS, JACQUIN MF, GWAG VJ: Even slowly triggered exchotoxic neuronal death of cultured cortical neurons occurs by necrosis not apoptosis. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:1585.
  • ANKARCRONA M, DYPBUKT JM, BONFOCO E, ZHIVO-TOVSKY B, ORRENIUS S, LIPTON SA, NICOTERA P: Gluta-mate-induced neuronal death: a succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial function. Neuron (1995) 15:961–973.
  • GWAG BJ, LOBNER D, KOH JY, WIE MB, CHOI DW: Blockade of glutamate receptors unmasks neuronal apoptosis after oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro. Neuroscience (1995) 68(3):615–619.
  • KOH J-Y, PALMER E, COTMAN CW: Activation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor attenuates N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity in cortical cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1991) 88:9431–9435.
  • COPANI A, BRUNO VMG, BARRESI V, BATTAGLIA G, CONDORELLI DF, NICOLETTI F: Activation of metabot-ropic glutamate receptors prevents neuronal apoptosis in culture. J. Neurochem. (1995) 64(1):101–108.
  • JOHNSON EM, GREENLUND US, AKINS PT, HSU CY: Neuronal apoptosis: current understanding of molecu-lar mechanisms and potential role in ischemic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma (1995) 12(5)843-852. In depth review of the molecular genetic components of apoptosis that characterize in vitro neuronal cell death as well as mechanisms of cell death in vivo following ischemia
  • PULSINELLI W, BRIERLEY J, PLUM F: Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia. Ann. Neurol. (1982) 11:491.
  • OKAMOTO M, MATSUMOTO M, OHTSUKI T, TAGUCHI A, MIKOSHIBA K, YANAGIHARA T, KAMADA T: Internu-cleosomal DNA cleavage involved in ischemia-induced neuronal death. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) 196(3):1356–1362.
  • SET Y, VON LL;BITZ DKJE, BASILE AS, BORNER MM, UN RCS, SKOLNICK P, FOSSOM LH: Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in gerbil hippocampus following fore-brain ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. (1994) 171:179–182.
  • NITATORI T, SATO N, WAGURI S, KARASAWA Y, ARAKI H, SHIBANAI K, KOMINAMI E, UCHIYAMA Y: Delayed neuro-nal death in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia is apop-tosis. J. Neurosci. (1995) 15(2):1001–1011.
  • MEHMET H, YUE X, SQUIER MV, EDWARDS AD: The relationship between impaired cerebral energy meta-bolism and apoptosis in the cingulate gyros of newborn piglets following transient hypoxia-ischaemia. Bio-chem. Soc. Trans. (1994) 22:421S.
  • MACMANUS JP, BUCHAN AM, HILL IE, RASQUINHA I, PRESTON E: Global ischemia can cause DNA fragmenta-tion indicative of apoptosis in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. (1993) 164:89-92. Pivotal early paper on the role of apoptosis in global ischemia
  • HERON A, POLLARD H, DESSI F, MOREAU J, LASBENNES F, BEN-ARTY, CHARRIAUT-MARLANGUE C: Regional vari-ability in DNA fragmentation after global ischemia evidenced by combined histological and gel electro-phoresis observations in the rat brain. J. Neurocbem. (1993) 61:1973–1976.
  • ISLAM N, AFTABUDDIN M, MORIWAKI A, HORI Y: Detec-tion of DNA damage induced by apoptosis in the rat brain following incomplete ischemia. Neuroscl. Lett. (1995) 188:159–162.
  • DESHPANDE J, BERGSTEDT K, LINDEN T, KALIMO H, WEILOCH T: Uhrastructural changes in the hippocam-pal CA1 region following transient cerebral ischemia: evidence against programmed cell death. Exp. Brain Res. (1992) 88:91–105.
  • DRAGUNOW M, YOUNG D, HUGHES P, MACGIBBON G, LAWLOR P, SINGLETON K, SIRIMANNE E, BEILHARZ E, GLUCKMAN P: Is c-Jun involved in nerve cell death following status epilepticus and hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Mol. Brain Res. (1993) 18:347-352. Discussion of the possible role of apoptosis in epilepsy
  • DRAGUNOW M, BEILHARZ E, SLRIMANNE E, LAWLOR P, WILLIAMS C, BRAVO R, GLUCKMAN P: Immediate-early gene protein expression in neurons undergoing de-layed death, but not necrosis, following hypoxic-is-chaemic injury to the young rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. (1994) 25:19–33.
  • MCGAHAN L, ROBERTSON GS, HAKIM AM: Expression of Myc and p53 following transient global ischemia. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:992.
  • JIN ILL, NAKAYAMA M, BOTSCHELLER M, GRAHAM SH, SIMON RP, CHEN J: GADD45 MRNA is persistently ex-pressed in vulnerable neurons following global cere-bral ischemia in the rat. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:992.
  • NAKAYAMA M, CILEN J, LOWRY T, ASAKURA T, GRAHAM SH: The immediate early gene cyclooxygenase-2 is ex-pressed in CA1 neurons destined for apoptotic death following global ischemia. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:1268.
  • ZHANG RU, CHOPP M, CIIEN II, GARCIA JH: Temporal profile of ischemic tissue damage, neutrophil response, and vascular plugging following permanent and tran-sient (211) middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. J. Neurol. Sci. (1994) 125:3–10.
  • MACMANUS JP, HILL IE, HUANG Z-G, RASQUINHA I, XUED, BUCHAN AM: DNA damage consistent with apoptosis In transient focal ischaemic neocortex. NeuroReport. (1994) 5:493–496.
  • LI Y, CHOPP M, JIANG N, YAO F, ZALOGA C: Temporal profile of in situ DNA fragmentation after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (1995) 15:389–397.
  • LI Y, CHOPP M, JIANG N, ZFIANG ZG, ZALOGA C: Induc-tion of DNA fragmentation after 10 to 120 minutes of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke. (1995) 26(7):1252–1258.
  • LI Y, SHAROV YG, JIANG N, ZALOGA C, SABBAH HN, CHOPP M: Ultrastructural and light microscopic evi-dence of apoptosis after middle cerebral artery occlu-sion in the rat. Am. J. Pathol. (1995) 146(5)1045–1051.
  • VAN LOOKEREN CAMPAGNE M, KOHLER C., GILL R: Ex-pression of p53 and cycling in nuclei of cells undergo-ing ischaemia-induced apoptosis in the rat brain. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:992.
  • CHARRIAUT-MARLANGUE C, MARGAILL I, PLOTKINE M, BEN-ART Y: Early endonuclease activation following reversible focal ischemia in the rat brain.]. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (1995) 15:385–388.
  • GOHIL K, SINGH T, XUE D, MILIJANICH G, LUTHER RR, BITLER CM, BOWERSOX SS: Neuronal N-type calcium channel antagonist, SNX-111, prevents apoptosis in a focal model of ischemia. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:1031.
  • KIESSLING M, GASS P: Stimulus-transcription coupling in focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Pat hol. (1994) 4:77–83.
  • LIU T, CLARK RK, MCDONNEL PC, YOUNG PR, WHITE RF, BARONE FC, FEUERSTEIN GZ: Tumor necrosis factor-a expression in ischemic neurons. Stroke (1994) 25:1481–1488.
  • CHEN J, GRAHAM SfI, CHAN PH, LAN J, ZHOU RL, SIMON RP: bc1-2 is expressed in neurons that survive focal ischemia in the rat. NeuroReport (1995) 6:394–398.
  • PREHN JHM: In vivo pattern of BCL-2, BAX and BCL-X expression in mouse neocortex: effect of cerebral is-chemia. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:512.
  • SIMON RP, CHEN J, ZHU RL, LAN JO, GREENBERG DA, GRAHAM SH: Aheration in anti-apoptotic gene expression associated with induction of tolerance to focal ischemia. 25th Soc. Neurosci, San Diego, USA (1995) 21:512. Describes innovative use of ischemic tolerance to assess role of apoptosis in ischemia
  • CRUMR1NE RC, THOMAS AL, MORGAN PF: Attenuation of p53 expression protects against focal ischemic damage In transgenic mice. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (1994) 14:887–891.
  • KAMME F, 13ABITY J, ROBERTSON H, WIELOCH T: Differ-ential display PCII and transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:991.
  • Regan, RF, Choi DW: Excitotoxicity and central nervous system trauma. In: The Neurobiology of Central Nervous System Trauma. Salzman SD and Faden Al (Eds.), Oxford University Press, New York. (1994) 173–181
  • MCINTOSH TK, V1NK R, NOBLE L, YAMAKAMI I, FERNYAK S, SOARES H, FADEN LA: Traumatic brain injury in the rat: characterization of a lateral fluid-percussion modeL Neuroscience. (1989) 28:233–244.
  • RINK A, FUNG K-M, TROJANOWSKI JQ, LEE VM-Y, NEUGE-BAUER E, MCINTOSH TK: Evidence of apoptotic cell death after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat. Am.], Pathol. (1995) 147(6):1575–1583
  • CONTI A, HYLTON CM, RAGHUPATIII R, SMITH DH, TRO-_JANOWSKI JQ, LEE V, MCINTOSH TIC: Magnesium defi-ciency decreases the occurrence of apoptosis after traumatic brain injury. 13th Annual Neurotrauma Sympo-sium. San Diego, USA (1995).
  • SINSON, G., B. PERRI, J. Q. TROJANOWSKI, V. M.-Y. LEE, AND T. K. MCINTOSH: Apoptotic cell death in the septal nuclei after fluid-percussion brain injury is attenuated by NGF infusion. 13th Annual Neurotrauma Symposium. San Diego, USA (1995)13:976.
  • HAYES RL: Session chairperson's overview of cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain injury. Discoveries in Head Trauma: New Understanding for Novel Therapeutic Development. Philadelphia, USA (1995).
  • YANG K: Intracellular changes in signal transduction, transcription factors and immediate early genes. In: Discoveries in Head Trauma: New Understanding for Novel Therapeutic Development, Philadelphia, USA. (1995).
  • RAGHUPATHI R, MCINTOSH TK: Programmed cell death In traumatic brain injury: temporal alterations in bc1-2 immunoreactivity. 13th Annual Neurotrauma Symposium. San Diego, USA (1995) 13:966.
  • Francel PC, Jane JA, Kroni I: A model of spinal cord ischemia. In: Central Nervous System Trauma: Research Techniques. Ohnishi ST, Ohnishi T (Eds.) CRC Press, Inc. New York (1995) 267–280.
  • CROWE MJ, SHUMAN SL, MASTERS JN, BRESNAHAN JC, BEATTIE MS: Morphological evidence suggesting apop-toile nuclei in spinal cord injury. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:232
  • COTMAN CW, ANDERSON JA: A potential role for apopstosis in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. Mol. Neurobiol. (1995) 10:19-45. Comprehensive review discussing rationale for apoptosis in Alzhe-imer's Disease
  • COTMAN CW, \WHITTEMORE ER, WATT JA, ANDERSON AJ,LOO DT: Possible role of apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1994) 747:36-49. Comprehensive review discussing rationale for apoptosis in Alzhe-imer's disease
  • LOO DT, COPANI A, PIKE CJ, WHITTEMORE RR, WALENCEWICZ AJ, COTMAN CW: Apoptosis is induced by 13-amyloid in cultured central nervous system neu-rons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:7951–7955.
  • FORLONI G, CHIESA R, SMIROLDO S, VERGA L, SALMONAM, TAGLIAVINI F, ANGERETTI N: Apoptosis mediated neurotoxicity induced by chronic application of 11 amyloid fragment 25-35. NeuroReport. (1993) 4:523–526.
  • BEIIL C, DAVIS JB, KLIER FG, SCIILTBERT D: Amyloid 13 peptide induces necrosis rather than apoptosis. Brain Res. (1994) 645:253–264.
  • GSCHWIND M, HUBER G: Apoptotic cell death induced by 13 amyloid 1_42 peptide is cell type dependent J. Neurochem. (1995) 65(1):292–300.
  • KUSIAK JW, SISODIA SS, ZHAO B: Apoptosis is induced by expression of mutant amyloid precursor protein in neuronal cells. In: Neurodegenerative Disorders: Common molecular mechanisms, the decade of the brain. Rios, Jamaica (1995) IX:Apoptosis and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • BUSCIGLIO J, YANKNER BA: Apoptosis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Down's syndrome neurons in vitro. Nature. (1995) 378:776-779. This report demonstrates the relationship between early onset Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome sufferes and ROS metabo-lism.
  • ZHANG L, KUSIAK jW, ZHAO B, ROTH GS: Generation of arnyloidogenic Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein fragments during H202 induced apoptosis in human neuronal cells. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:1724.
  • SU J11, ANDERSON AJ, CUMMINGS 1:11, COTMAN CW: Im-munohistochemical evidence for apoptosis in Alzhe-imer's disease. NeuroReport. (1994) 5:2529–2533.
  • SU JH, ANDERSON AJ, COTMAN CW: Quantitative assess-ment of apoptotic-like nuclei in hippocampal formation of Alzheimer brain. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:1727.
  • DRAGUNOW M: DNA fragmentation in Alzheimer's Dis-ease hippocampus: correlation with tau and ll-amyloid immunoreactivity. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:1724.
  • ANDERSON AJ, SU JH, COTMAN CW: DNA damage and apoptosis in Alzheimer's Disease colocalization with c-Jun immunoreactivity, relationship to brain area, and effects of postmortem delay. J. Neurosci. (1996) 16(5):1710–1719.
  • LASSMAN H, BANCHER C, BREITSCHOPF H, WEGIEL J, BOBINSKI M, JELLINGER K, WISNIEWSKI HM: Cell death In Alzheimer's disease evaluated by DNA fragmentation in situ. Acta Neuropathol. (1995) 89:35–41.
  • PERLMUTTER LS, BUSHNELL AF, LI Y-P, WEBSTER S, WONG S: Evidence for DNA damage, but not apoptosis, in Alzheimer's Diseased (AD) brain. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:1721.
  • MIGHELI A, CAVALLA P, PIVA R, GIORDANA MT, SCIIIFFER D: bc1-2 protein expression in aged brain and neurode-generative diseases. NeuroReport. (1994) 5:1906–1908.
  • SATOU T, CUMMINGS BJ, COTMAN CW. BCL-2 protein immunoreactivity increases in Alzheimer's Disease brain with disease severity. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:1726.
  • O'BARR S, SCHULTZ J, MCKINLEY M, ROGERS J: Expres-sion of BCL-2 oncoprotein in Alzheimer's Disease. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. (1995)
  • JOHNSON EM: Possible role of neuronal apoptosis in Alzhehner's disease. Neurobiol. Aging (1994) 15(2):S187–S189.
  • LAFERLA FM, TINKLE BT, BIEBERICH CJ, HAUDENSCIIILD CC, JAY G: The Alzheimer's Al peptide induced neurode-generation and apoptotic cell death in transgenic mice. Nat. Genet. (1995) 9:21-30. Innovative use of a transgenic model to link MP, cell death and apoptosis
  • VITO, P., E. LACANA, L. D'ADAMIO. Interfering with apoptosis: Ca2. -binding protein ALG-2 and Alzheimer's disease gene ALG-3. Science (1996) 271:521–525.
  • MCDONALD WI, SILBERGERG DH: Multiple Sclerosis. But-terworths, London. (1986).
  • DUBOIS-DALQ M, ARMSTRONG R: The cellular and mo-lecular events of central neurons remyelination. BioEs-says (1990) 12:569–576.
  • BARRES BA, HART IK, COLES HSR, BURNE JF, VOYVODIC JT, RICHARDSON WD, RAFF MC: Cell death and control of cell survival in the oligodendrocyte lineage. (1992)Cell 70:31–46.
  • KNAPP PE, SKOFF RP, REDSTONE WR: Oligodendroglial cell death in jimpy mice: an explanation for the myelin deficit. J. Neurosci (1986) 6(10):2813–2822
  • PENDER MP, BNGUYEN KB, MCCOMBE PA, KERR JER: Apoptosis in the nervous system in experimental aller-gic encephalomyelitis. J. Neurol. Sci. (1991) 104:81–87.
  • PRABHAKAR S, D'SOUZA S, ANTEL JP, MCLAURIN JA, SC1IIPPER TIM, WANG E: Phenotypic and cell cycle prop-erties of human oligodendrocytes in vitro. Brain Res. (1995) 672: 159–169.
  • MUIR D, COMPSTON DAS: Growth factor stimulation triggers apoptotic cell death in mature rat oligodendro-cytes. J. Neurosci. Res. (1996) in press.
  • SCOLDING NJ, HOUSTON WAJ, LININGTON C, MORGAN BP, CAMPBELL AK, COMPSTON DAS: Oligodendrocytes activate complement but recover by vesicular removal of membrane attack complexes. Nature (1989) 338:620–622.
  • WREN DR, NOBLE M: Oligodendrocytes and oligoden-drocyte/type-2 astrocyte progenitor cells of adult rats are specifically susceptible to the lytic effects of com-plement in the absence of antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1989) 86:9025–9029.
  • WOOD A, WING M, BENHAM CD, COMPSTON DAS: Spe-cific induction of intracellular calcium oscillations by complement membrane attack on oligodendroglia. J. Neurosci. (1993) 13:3319–3332.
  • TABI Z, MCCOMBE PA, PENDER MP: Apoptoic elimination of V beta 8.2+ cells from the central nervous system during recovery from experimental autoimmune en-cephalomyelitis induced by the passive transfer of V beta 8.2+ encephalitogenic T cells. Eur.J.Immunol. (1994) 24:2609–2617.
  • PELFREY CM, TRANQUILL LR, BOEHME SA, MCFARLAND I-IF, LENARDO MJ: Two mechanisms of antigen-specific apoptosis of myelin basic protein (M13P)-specific T lymphocytes derived from multiple sclerosis patients and normal Individuals.]. linniunol. (1995) 154(11):6191–6202.
  • TROY CM, SHELANSKI ML: Down-regulation of cop-per/zinc superoxide dismutase causes apoptotic death In PC12 neuronal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:6384–6387.
  • GREENLUND LS, DECKWERTH TLJOHNSON EM Jr: Super-oxide dismutase delays neuronal apoptosis: a role for reactive oxygen species in programmed neuronal death. Neuron (1995) 14:303–315.
  • ROTHSTEIN JD, BRISTOL LA, HOSIER B, BROWN RH, JR., KUNCL RW: Chronic inhibition of superoxide dismutase produces apoptotic death of spinal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:4155–4159.
  • RABIZADEH S, GRALLAEB EB, BORCIIELT DR, GWINN R, VALENTINE JS, SISODIA 5, WONG P, LEE M, HAIIN H, BREDESEN DE: Mutations associated with aniyotrophic lateral sclerosis convert superoxide dismutase from an antiapoptotic gene to a proapoptotic gene: studies in yeast and neural cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:3024-3028. This report indicates that the apoptotic inhibition by SOD1 is not a function of its enzymatic activity. The system described might be a valuable model to identify the mechanism by which familial amyot-rophic lateral sclerosis-associated SOD1 mutations cause neural cell death.
  • MU X, 11E1 ANDERSON DW, TROJANOWSKI JQ, SPRINGER JE: Altered expression of bc1-2 and bay mRNA in amyot-rophic lateral sclerosis motoneurons. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA. (1995) 21:561.
  • DUBOIS-DAUPHIN M, FRANKOWSKI II., TSUJIMOTO Y, IRIARTE J, MARTINOU JC: Neonatal motoneurons over-expressing the Bc1-2 protooncogene in transgenic mice are protected from axotomy-induced cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91: 229–24 0.
  • BARDE YA: Trophic factors and neuronal survival Neu-ron (1989) 2:1525–1534.
  • THOENEN H, BARDE FA, DAVIES AM, JOHNSON JE: Neurotrophic factors and neuronal death. In: Selective neuronal death. Ciba Found. Symp. (1987) 126:82–95.
  • LINDSAY RM: Neuron savings schemes. Nature (1995) 373:289–290.
  • BARINGA M: Neurotrophic factors enter the clink. Sci-ence (1994) 264:272–274.
  • WALKINSHAW G, Waters CM: Neurotoxin-induced cell death in neuronal PC12 cells is mediated by induction of apoptosis. Neuroscience (1994) 63(4):975–987.
  • WALKINSHAW G, WATER CM: Induction of apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC12 cells by L-DOPA: Implications for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 95:2458–2464.
  • DEXTER DT, CARAYON A, VIDAILHET M, RUGERB M, AGID F, AGID Y, LEES AJ, WELLS FR, JENNER P, MARSDEN C: Decreased ferrititt levels in brain in Parkinson's dis-ease. J. Neurochern. (1990) 55:16–20.
  • HARTLEY A, STONE JM, HERON C, COOPER JM, SCHAPIRA AHV: Complex I inhibitors induce dose-dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells: relevance to Parkinson's Dis-ease. J. Neurochem. (1994) 63(5): 1987–1990.
  • DISPASQLIALE B., MARINI AM, YOULE RJ: Apoptosis and DNA degradation induced by 1 methy1-4-phenylpyrid-inium in neurons. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1991) 181(3):1442–1448.
  • MITCHELL IJ, LAWSON S, MOSE B, LAIDLAW SM, COOPER AJ, WALKINSHAW G, WATERS CM: Glutamate-induced apoptosis results in a loss of striatal neurons in the Parkin.sonian rat. Neuroscience. (1994) 63(1): 1–5. Elegant paper using a drug-induced model of Parkinson's Disease to assess apoptotic mechanisms
  • JANSON AM: Apoptosis-like neuronal cell death in vivo In the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:1273.
  • JACKSON-LEWIS V, JAKOWEC MW, BURKE RE, PRZEDBOR-SKI S: Time course and morphology of MPTP-induced neuronal death. 25th Soc. Neurosci. San Diego, USA (1995) 21:2002.
  • PORTERA-CAILLIAU C, HEDREEN JC, PRICE DL, KOLLATSOS VE: Evidence for apoptotic cell death in Hung-tington disease and excitotoxic animal models. J. Neurosci. (1995) 15(5):3775–3787. Rationale for the role of apoptosis in Huntington's Disease
  • POLLARD H, CANTAGREL S, CHARRIAUT-MARLANGUE C, MOREAU J, BEN-AM Y: Apoptosis associated DNA fragmentation in epileptic brain damage. Neuroreport. (1994) 5:1053-1055. Discussion of the possible role of apoptosis in epilepsy
  • ROY N, MAHADEVAN MS, MCLEAN M, SHUTLER G, YARAGHI Z, FARAHANI R, BAIRD S, BESNER-JOHNSTON A, LEFEBVRE C, KANG X, SALIFI M, AUBRY H, TAMAI K, GUAN X, LOANNOU P, CRAWFORD TO, DEJONG PJ, SURH L, IKEDA J-K, KORNELUK RG, MACKENZIE A: The gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein is partially de-leted in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy. Cell (1995) 80:167–178.
  • SESHADRI T, RODMAN L, SHI L, WARDWELL S, WEI FY, ALLEN II, GREENBERG AFT, LI P, BANERJEE S: Apoptosis In u-113 converting enzyme (ICE)-defIcient mice. In: Programmed Cell Death. Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1995) 72.

References to Patent Literature

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.