Anti-chemokine small molecule drugs: a promising future?

Bibliography

• Wells TNC, Peitsch MC. The chemokine information source: identification and characterization of novel chemokines using the WorldWideWeb and expressed sequence tag databases. J Leukoc Biol 1997;61:545-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luster AD. Chemokines – chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med 1998;338:436-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2000;52:145-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallusto F, Baggiolini M. Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nat Immunol 2008;9:949-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonecchi R, Galliera E, Borroni EM, Chemokines and chemokine receptors: an overview. Front Biosci 2009;14:540-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Y, Cui Y, Iribarren P, Manipulating chemoattractant and receptor genes. In Vivo 2002;16:1-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power CA. Knock out models to dissect chemokine receptor function in vivo. J Immunol Methods 2002;273:73-82
   Google Scholar
• Boring L, Gosling J, Cleary M, Charo IF. Decreased lesion formation in CCR2(-/-) Mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Nature 1998;394:894-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling J, Slaymaker S, Gu L, MCP-1 deficiency reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice that overexpress human apolipoprotein B. J Clin Invest 1999;103:773-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izikson L, Klein RS, Charo IF, Resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice lacking the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2. J Exp Med 2000;192:1075-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang DR, Wang J, Kivisakk P, Absence of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in mice leads to decreased local macrophage recruitment and antigen-specific T helper cell type 1 immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2001;193:713-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenen RR, von HP, Nesmelova IV, Disrupting functional interactions between platelet chemokines inhibits atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Nat Med 2009;15(1):97-103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerard C, Rollins BJ. Chemokines and disease [review]. Nat Immunol 2001;2:108-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proudfoot AE. Chemokine receptors: multifaceted therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:106-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou YR, Kottmann AH, Kuroda M, Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature 1998;393:595-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagasawa T, Hirota S, Tachibana K, Defects of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone-marrow myelopoiesis in mice lacking the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1. Nature 1998;382:635-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster R, Mattis AE, Kremmer E, A putative chemokine receptor, BLR1, directs B cell migration to defined lymphoid organs and specific anatomic compartments of the spleen. Cell 1996;87:1037-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voigt I, Camacho SA, de Boer BA, CXCR5-deficient mice develop functional germinal centers in the splenic T cell zone. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:560-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagaeva LV, Rao P, Powers JM, Segal BM. CXC chemokine ligand 13 plays a role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2006;176:7676-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler DA, Huang S, Tabrizi M, Bell GM. Efficacy and safety of a monoclonal antibody recognizing interleukin-8 in COPD: a pilot study. Chest 2004;126:926-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang XD, Corvalan JR, Wang P, Fully human anti-interleukin-8 monoclonal antibodies: potential therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory disease states. J Leukoc Biol 1999;66:401-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proudfoot AE, Handel TM, Johnson Z, Glycosaminoglycan binding and oligomerization are essential for the in vivo activity of certain chemokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:1885-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haringman JJ, Gerlag DM, Smeets TJ, A randomized controlled trial with an anti-CCL2 (anti-monocyte chemotactic protein 1) monoclonal antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2387-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergunst CE, Gerlag DM, Lopatinskaya L, Modulation of CCR2 in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:1931-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horuk R. Chemokine receptor antagonists: overcoming developmental hurdles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009;8:23-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols WG, Steel HM, Bonny T, Hepatotoxicity observed in clinical trials of aplaviroc (GW873140). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:858-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klibanov OM. Vicriviroc, a CCR5 receptor antagonist for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009;10:845-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zipp F, Hartung HP, Hillert J, Blockade of chemokine signaling in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2006;67:1880-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trebst C, Sorensen TL, Kivisakk P, CCR1+/CCR5+ mononuclear phagocytes accumulate in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis. Am J Pathol 2001;159:1701-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://myddw2009.bdmetrics.com/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Billiau A, Heremans H, Vandekerckhove F, Enhancement of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice by antibodies against IFN-gamma. J Immunol 1988;140:1506-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panitch HS, Hirsch RL, Haley AS, Johnson KP. Exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in patients treated with gamma interferon. Lancet 1987;1:893-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onuffer J, McCarrick MA, Dunning L, Structure function differences in nonpeptide CCR1 antagonists for human and mouse CCR1. J Immunol 2003;170:1910-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang M, Mallari C, Rosser M, Identification and characterization of a potent, selective, and orally active antagonist of the CC chemokine receptor-1. J Biol Chem 2000;275:19000-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath C, Welt FG, Nedelman M, Targeting CCR2 or CD18 inhibits experimental in-stent restenosis in primates: inhibitory potential depends on type of injury and leukocytes targeted. Circ Res 2002;90:488-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodmerkel CM, Huber R, Covington M, Discovery and pharmacological characterization of a novel rodent-active CCR2 antagonist, INCB3344. J Immunol 2005;175:5370-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladue RP, Cole SH, Roach ML, The human specific CCR1 antagonist CP-481,715 inhibits cell infiltration and inflammatory responses in human CCR1 transgenic mice. J Immunol 2006;176:3141-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuichi K, Gao JL, Horuk R, Chemokine receptor CCR1 regulates inflammatory cell infiltration after renal ischemia–reperfusion injury. J Immunol 2008;181:8670-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos CD, Canetti C, Souto JT, MIP-1alpha[CCL3] acting on the CCR1 receptor mediates neutrophil migration in immune inflammation via sequential release of TNF-alpha and LTB4. J Leukoc Biol 2005;78:167-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonecchi R, Polentarutti N, Luini W, Up-regulation of CCR1 and CCR3 and induction of chemotaxis to CC chemokines by IFN-gamma in human neutrophils. J Immunol 1999;162:474-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SC, Brummet ME, Shahabuddin S, Cutaneous injection of human subjects with macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha induces significant recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. J Immunol 2000;164:3392-401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balashov KE, Rottman JB, Weiner HL, Hancock WW. CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1 alpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:6873-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen TL, Tani M, Jensen J, Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients. J Clin Invest 1999;103:807-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpus WJ, Kennedy KJ. MIP-1alpha and MCP-1 differentially regulate acute and relapsing autoimmune encephalomyelitis as well as Th1/Th2 lymphocyte differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 1997;62:681-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinones MP, Ahuja SK, Jimenez F, Experimental arthritis in CC chemokine receptor 2-null mice closely mimics severe human rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 2004;113:856-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruhl H, Cihak J, Schneider MA, Dual role of CCR2 during initiation and progression of collagen-induced arthritis: evidence for regulatory activity of CCR2+ T cells. J Immunol 2004;172:890-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berahovich RD, Miao Z, Wang Y, Proteolytic activation of alternative CCR1 ligands in inflammation. J Immunol 2005;174:7341-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanki T, Urasaki Y, Imai T, Inhibition of fractalkine ameliorates murine collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol 2004;173:7010-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss Y, Proudfoot AE, Power CA, CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4 and the CCR10 ligand cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK) in lymphocyte trafficking to inflamed skin. J Exp Med 2001;194:1541-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaballos A, Gutierrez J, Varona R, Cutting edge: identification of the orphan chemokine receptor GPR-9-6 as CCR9, the receptor for the chemokine TECK. J Immunol 1999;162:5671-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes WE, Lee J, Kuang WJ, Structure and functional expression of a human interleukin-8 receptor. Science 1991;253:1278-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neote K, DiGregorio D, Mak JY, Molecular cloning, functional expression, and signaling characteristics of a C-C chemokine receptor. Cell 1993;72:415-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao JL, Kuhns DB, Tiffany HL, Structure and functional expression of the human macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha/RANTES receptor. J Exp Med 1993;177:1421-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White JR, Lee JM, Young PR, Identification of a potent, selective non-peptide CXCR2 antagonist that inhibits interleukin-8-induced neutrophil migration. J Biol Chem 1998;273:10095-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselgesser J, Ng HP, Liang M, Identification and characterization of small molecule functional antagonists of the CCR1 chemokine receptor. J Biol Chem 1998;273:15687-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA. HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor [see comments]. Science 1996;272:872-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1 [see comments]. Nature 1996;381:661-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragic T, Litwin V, Allaway GP, HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 1996;381:667-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson M, Labbe O, Mollereau C, Molecular cloning and functional expression of a new human CC- chemokine receptor gene. Biochemistry (Mosc) 1996;35:3362-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 1996;86:367-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean M, Carrington M, Winkler C, Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, San Francisco City Cohort, ALIVE Study [see comments]. Science 1996;273:1856-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz MK, Wells TN. New therapeutics that modulate chemokine networks. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002;1:347-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allegretti M, Bertini R, Bizzarri C, Allosteric inhibitors of chemoattractant receptors: opportunities and pitfalls. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008;29:280-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertini R, Allegretti M, Bizzarri C, Noncompetitive allosteric inhibitors of the inflammatory chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2: prevention of reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:11791-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriconi A, Cesta MC, Cervellera MN, Design of noncompetitive interleukin-8 inhibitors acting on CXCR1 and CXCR2. J Med Chem 2007;50:3984-4002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sironi M, Guglielmotti A, Polentarutti N, A small synthetic molecule capable of preferentially inhibiting the production of the CC chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Eur Cytokine Netw 1999;10:437-42
   Google Scholar
• Naya A, Sagara Y, Ohwaki K, Design, synthesis, and discovery of a novel CCR1 antagonist. J Med Chem 2001;44:1429-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eltayeb S, Sunnemark D, Berg AL, Effector stage CC chemokine receptor-1 selective antagonism reduces multiple sclerosis-like rat disease. J Neuroimmunol 2003;142:75-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revesz L, Bollbuck B, Buhl T, Novel CCR1 antagonists with oral activity in the mouse collagen induced arthritis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005;15:5160-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroff RW, Touvay C, Culler MD, The toxicology of chemokine inhibition. Mini Rev Med Chem 2005;5:849-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haringman JJ, Kraan MC, Smeets TJ, Chemokine blockade and chronic inflammatory disease: proof of concept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:715-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saederup N, Chan L, Lira SA, Charo IF. Fractalkine deficiency markedly reduces macrophage accumulation and atherosclerotic lesion formation in CCR2-/- mice: evidence for independent chemokine functions in atherogenesis. Circulation 2008;117:1642-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combadiere C, Potteaux S, Rodero M, Combined inhibition of CCL2, CX3CR1, and CCR5 abrogates Ly6C(hi) and Ly6C(lo) monocytosis and almost abolishes atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Circulation 2008;117:1649-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksamit AJ. Review of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab. Neurologist 2006;12:293-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar